Materials should respond to learners needs rather than be based onpast successes. /ModDate (D:20100318155038+00'00') Getting started: materials writers on materials writing. For Tomlinson, this forms part of the need for an awareness of differences in affective attitude, which also points to the value in encouraging learner feedback on the materials and allowing them choices in how materials are used. Petaling Jaya: Pearson Malaysia. 142-6) started by Materials development in language teaching. Maley, A. First, the field is . Our research has shown that materials production can be a predominantly top-down process, in which policy makers, materials authors and teachers can draw independent pathways to developing and implementing the final product, i.e. ), Materials development in language teaching (pp. And some writers report starting by articulating their principles. One member of our group put forward the principle worded 'materials should evoke . EJALTEFL, 3(2), 5969. (1987) English for specific purposes: a learning-centred approach. /Subtype /Link Of these, I would now stress the following six as those that should drive ELT materials development. So what are these principles? We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Integrating the arts: An approach to teaching and learning in multicultural and multilingual settings (Revised ed.). To learn more, view ourPrivacy Policy. Maley, A. (2011) Introduction: principles and procedures of materials development. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. Underhill, A. (1990).Classroom dynamics. Cambridge University Press. (2011). These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. stream In recent years, language learning materials, especially for English language learning, have gone from being a neglected area of research and publication to one that has gained serious attention, with a number of new publications (see, for example, Harwood, ; McGrath, ; Tomlinson, , ; Tomlinson & Masuhara, , as well as new editions of previous publications: McDonough, Shaw, & Masuhara . Click here to review the details. Academia.edu uses cookies to personalize content, tailor ads and improve the user experience. Project work (Revised ed.). Story building. Thornbury, S. (2014). 'Materials development' refers to all the processes made use of by practitioners who produce and/or use materials for language learning, including materials evaluation, their adaptation, design, production, exploitation and research. (2010). /Parent 149 0 R Tomlinson makes the point that it is the perception of relevance on the part of the learners that is important; Nunan and Graves both argue for materials that facilitate links between the learners developing skills and the wider world; Halls frames this as a call for student-centredness. /Type /Annot Depending on what we think language is for and how we think people learn languages, so our materials will differ. Flow: The psychology of optimal experience. 2014. Having said that, materials that are clearly outdated or those which suffer from poor aesthetics might be harshly judged by even the most motivated. /CropBox [ 0 0 432 720 ] 250 333 500 500 500 500 220 500 333 747 300 500 570 333 747 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 722 444 444 444 444 444 278 278 278 278 (2001). Materials should be authentic in terms of text and task 3. "EFL Course book evaluation in Greek primary schools: voices from teachers and writers". Talking to yourself: The role of the inner voice in language learning. Before engaging directly with the issues involved in materials development, it will be helpful to remind ourselves of the background from which materials emerge and against which they operate. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 778 778 This paper explores the development of printed materials in ESP from a practical point of view and aims to shed light on issues of concern to ESP practitioners when they set about writing materials for classroom use. 211-226. Flores (Hidalgo et al 1995) . stream /TrimBox [ 0 0 432 720 ] ] bell and gower principles of materials development bell and gower principles of materials development . /Thumb 259 0 R /Type /Annot Teaching by Principles: An Interactive Approach (3rd Ed.). Avebury: Academic Publishing Group. materials development in Argentina. A second example is the desirability of facilitating what Bell & Gower term learner development. To these, I have added the principles suggested by Graves8. Bell, J., & Gower, R. (1998). For its wording, I will borrow from Tomlinson 14 who says Materials should take into account that the positive effects of instruction are usually delayed. The queen of Carthage, confiding in this creed, threatens neas that her umbra will haunt him upon earth, while her manes will rejoice in his torments. << There are some areas of clear agreement between these authors. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Has data issue: true Ellis, G., & Sinclair, B. Applied Language Learning, 11(1), 123154. For instance, the need for relevance was mentioned by most. << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 7 0 R >> << bell and gower principles of materials development . Vol. Mohammadkhani, A. Developing principled frameworks for material development. For me, the final two principles in the image above overlap and could be reworded to better reflect my view on the role materials play in motivation. Materials development is both a field of study and a practical undertaking. /A 12 0 R For example, Bell & Gower (Reference Bell, Gower and Tomlinson 2011) discuss the need for authors to make compromises to meet the practical needs of teachers and learners and match the realities of publishing materials. Retrieved from http://asian-efl-journal.com/sept_05_re.pdf. The tacit dimension. Penaflorida (1995:172-179) reports her use of the six principles of materials design identified by Nunan (1988): 1. 4 0 obj (1999). 921 722 667 667 722 611 556 722 722 333 389 722 611 889 722 722 endobj /Subtype /Link Short and sweet 1. Soleimani, H. & Mola Esmaili, M. (2016). The power of reading (Revised ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. A principled approach to adaptation and supplementation: Re-examining teacher-coursebook relations., CELE Journal, 24, 79-114. Vol. Material for Teaching Writing. Tubingen and Basel: Francke Verlag. (2016). /H /I announces the new murabba development company rena gluck who helped bring modern dance to israel dies at 89 call of duty breach reveals modern . Perhaps. Redgrave, Andrew Each principle of materials development needs to be derived from principles of language acquisition and should then be used to develop frameworks that link together procedures in an organic and coherent way. Lingle, Will A Sociocognitive-Transformative Instructional Materials Design Model for Second Language (L2) Pedagogy in the Asia Pacific: Development and Validation. Johnston, Bill So having gone away and read around these principles, reconsidering our seminar discussions, is there anything which I would change? English Teaching Professional, Issue 85. +NJau\[T-JbU27n$>@v[oamVZhf30`2JU *-\=hsVM1 ^" (2014). kenda executioner 25x12x12. Hill, A. =qEZ?o3JyZL{B(t Storytelling with our students. - Amsterdam, Netherlands : Elsevier 624.1821 032391683x 0367350785 and << McDonough and Shaw (2003) have distinguished between two types of material evaluation. (2013). An additional similarity is the need for authenticity, or in Bell & Gowers terms, natural language. (2014). Maley, A. QLZMmBZ35G RW,s"c. /Subtype /Link /Producer (BCL easyPDF 6.00 \(0320\)) Bilbrough, N. (2011). ELT Journal, 36(1), 518. Materials should take into account that the positive effects of instruction are usually delayed. May 2020 - Present2 years 11 months. Looks like youve clipped this slide to already. french sterling silver earrings. "useRatesEcommerce": false Materials development refers to all the processes made use of by practitioners who produce and/or use materials for language learning, including materials evaluation, their adaptation, design, production, exploitation and research. Folio, 16(1), 4044. Harlow: Longman. Tomlinson, B. Research for materials development in language learning: Evidence for best practice, Applied linguistics and materials development, Writing academic English a survey review of current published resources, Understanding expertise in teaching: Case studies of ESL teachers, Task-based language education: From theory to practice, Interaction in the language curriculum: Awareness, autonomy and authenticity, Dreams and realities: Developing countries and the English language, On the limitations of linguistics applied, Developing criteria for textbooks evaluation, The use of authentic materials at tertiary level, The effects of simplified and elaborated texts on foreign language comprehension, Teachers beliefs about internationally-published materials: A survey of tertiary English teachers in Indonesia, A strong cultural component in EFL materials. Critical New Literacies: The Praxis of English Language Teaching and Learning (PELT). ]4"G=Nnjkn9Do]Tzd+.8v\Ve::(l#[2WQf4}=t,m]M@+QoCHA9N,'7`)WbA v-gW#eop #AKM+'XVWEQ+M0`k~@k|V/jjQHY;>O/j+@k\+QpG)&5la>` 59-80. (2008). xVFW,(XF,aDzf(Yv)8z~#^xE^*LlZQC5e*ceL#BK^el; eq;dSO= An Assessment of Strengths and Weaknesses of Iranian First Year High School English Coursebook Using Evaluation Checklist, EFL course book evaluation in Greek primary schools: Views from teachers and authors, They All Have a Story to Tell Helping Learners to Express Themselves. Dictation. Clipping is a handy way to collect important slides you want to go back to later. Material development is basically dealing with selection, adaptation, and creation of teaching materials Nunan, 1991. 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 278 278 564 564 564 444 Journal of Language and Cultural Education, 5(1),78-102. 333 500 556 444 556 444 333 500 556 278 333 556 278 833 556 500 /Border [ 0 0 0 ] /H /I Motivating literature assessment in an EFL setting. So what of our other principles? lesser role in any teacher-created assessment. Retrieved from www.hltmag.com. RAPMQqMK` c!~NmNr!YUud%-t-oVe$9''m1#sOiNZnez/]Oa4". Towards an aesthetics of ELT. Bell & Gower (1998) argue for making a . Technology in materials development: A CALL perspective. maxima plush dynamic suspension lube heavy; first alert extinguisher expiration << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 7 0 R >> 4 0 obj Available at http://rpltl.eap.gr/images/stories/issue_04/04-01-059-tsagari-pavlou.pdf, An investigation into CLIL-related sections of EFL coursebooks: issues of CLIL inclusion in the publishing market, Teacher, what page today? What is materials development ? By: Training for the unpredictable. Bell, J., & Gower, R. (2011). [ A. and London: Helbling Languages. /H /I 115131). New York, NY: Pearson. A second example is the desirability of facilitating what Bell & Gower term learner development. Furthermore, this motivation or lack thereof appears to me to be connected to many factors, the materials in use being only one. Tsagari, Dina bell and gower principles of materials developmentstainless steel anniversary rings. As a fi eld it studies the principles and procedures of the design, imple-mentation and evaluation of language teaching materials' (Tomlinson 2001 : 66). stream Maley, A. onyx travel agent commission. Writing stories. Krashen, S. (1981). 2 0 obj Faulhaber, David Home. materials writing process (Bell 8c Gower, 2011; Maley, 2003; Mares, 2003), and types of materials . Underhill, A. London: Macmillan. The research used mixed method and convergent parallel design. Review of adult ELT textbooks. Gary Motteram in Chapter 12 and Lisa . !{DWo=qmK]: Rq I% [Content_Types].xml ( Zr0}gP Spiro, J. Bell and Gower (1998:122-125) started by articulating principles which they wanted to guide their writing: Flexibility Over the past two decades, the research on materials development has grown considerably, with quite a few scholars offering useful frameworks for materials development (Jolly & Bolitho, 2011; Tomlinson, 2013, 2016) and principles D. A Text-driven Approach to Materials Development Tomlinsons own preference is the text-driven approach, in which an engaging written or spoken text drives a unit of materials in which readiness activities activate the learners minds in relation to the text, initial response activities stimulate engagement whilst experiencing the text, intake response activities encourage articulation of personal responses, input response activities invite exploration of features of the text and development activities encourage learner production (Tomlinson 2003c). [ Sense Publishers, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. 722 722 722 722 722 722 889 667 611 611 611 611 333 333 333 333 3 0 obj Another publication concerned with principles of . Maley, A. /A 12 0 R /Rect [ 15.19346 620.82798 88.12217 634.91648 ] Principles of effective materials development - Free download as PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read online for free. Obviously, as our group is made up of teachers from such a wide range of backgrounds, this was not an easy task! Guidelines 10 pp.1-24. Retrieved December 20, 2012, from www.teachertrainingvideos.com. (1989). This article reviews the literature on the relatively new field of materials development for language learning and teaching. The literature of curriculum development includes processes and principles followed by various authors in developing language instructional materials. The picture below shows our final group selection of principles for materials design. 2014. (1999). Do they receive any support from the literature? pp.1-31. /Rect [ 14.03994 11.98548 234.95413 28.31765 ] 6 0 obj Kvitnes, Ingrid E. N. - New York : Fairchild Books . Duff, A., & Maley, A. Prabhu, N. S. (1998). Advances in Language and Literary Studies, Science and Education Development Institute (SEDInst), Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching, Tsagari, D. & A. Pavlou (2013) The nature and impact of textbook-based vocabulary tests on teaching and learning. 13 0 obj flY"c:4[Sdn9YlX(JIsj. (ed). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6300-432-9_2, Critical New Literacies: The Praxis of English Language Teaching and Learning (PELT), http://asian-efl-journal.com/sept_05_re.pdf, Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout. (2014). Short and sweet 2. Sampedro, R., & Hillyard, S. (2004). September 6, 2022. by . Materials do not exist in a vacuum. /A 13 0 R Bell and Gower (1998:122-125) started by articulating principles which they wanted to guide their writing: Flexibility Demonstrator, Validation and Best Practice - Michael Gower (AM14) Design Toolkit and Non-Destructive Measurements for Lifetime Management of Composite Structures under Dynamic Multi-Axial Loading Conditions - Bill Broughton (AM17) Moisture in materials - development of measurement capability - Stephanie Bell (UP10) Palgrave MacMillan, New York Two things are noticeable about the majority of these publications, however. Clandfield, L. (2010). 722 722 778 778 778 778 778 570 778 722 722 722 722 722 611 556 As a field it studies the principles and procedures of the design, implementation and evaluation of language teaching materials B. Frameworks for materials development Richards (1995:102-103) describes frameworks as the process of designing a design or frame for a unit in a textbook which can serve as a formulae which the author can use in writing the book C. Principles in Materials Development Most writers on the process of the materials development focus on needs analysis as starting point. Each principle of materials development needs to be derived from principles of language acquisition and should then be used to develop frameworks that link together procedures in an organic and coherent way. Content may require purchase if you do not have access. Brunvand, J. H. (1999). Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings. Writing poems: A resource book for teachers of English. 778 333 333 444 444 350 500 1000 333 980 389 333 722 778 444 722 The purpose of this study was to . Even small changes can make a difference to the quality of care (Rowe 2008). Images. /Type /Annot de Debat, Elba Villanueva Development The SlideShare family just got bigger. Phuong thi Anh Le. Barrister Downing Professor of the Laws of England University of Cambridge Login via Institution. It then considers some key issues that currently stimulate debate in the field before concluding with an evaluation of achievements so far plus predictions for future developments. 9 Top-down political perspective imposed on pedagogy 16 'Curriculum development becomes a collaborative effort between teachers and learners, since learners will be involved in decisions on content selection, methodology and evaluation' (Nunan 2004: 15) . /MediaBox [ 0 0 432 720 ] Sound foundations. j-mTcdK[Rb$d;9{L `qb0dNt+6}xJfT:j u2,+Eg3N+cNE-+!+m Q"L1`<0L[T5/ This paper explores the development of printed materials in ESP from a practical point of view and aims to shed light on issues of concern to ESP practitioners when they set about writing materials for classroom use. de Abreu-e-Lima, Denise M. endobj Gower Principles of Modern Company Law Principles of Corporate Finance Law Text and Materials Mathematics: A Very Short Introduction Prsentation de l'diteur : "Gower and Davies is the clearest and most reliable text available to cover the increasingly complex subject of company law. Stannard, R. (2012). Drama and improvisation. Bell and Gower (as cited in Tomlinson, 2003) said that one of the principles in material development is that the material should be put in balance consideration, and one of the materials is cultural content (Rubby, 2003, p. 52). Mehisto, P., Frigols, M-J., & Marsh, D. (2008). Here are the main principles of language acquisition which I follow when developing materials, and some of the principles for materials development which I derive from them. %PDF-1.3 Lpez-Barrios, Mario Meaning that there are four principles in man, and this is their destiny:the flesh to earth; the ghost to the tomb; the soul to Hades; and the spirit to heaven. Next, the section Activate your 30 day free trialto continue reading. 1 Introduction: principles and procedures of materials development 1 BRIAN TOMLINSON Part A Data collection and materials development 2 Using corpora in the language classroom 35 RANDI REPPEN . International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism. Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1997). In France a combination of Gower transmitters and Ader receivers appeared, and Ader transmitters with Motograph receivers. (2011). In B. Tomlinson (Ed. Story-telling with children. Hadfield, J. Example Of Simulation In Business, bell and gower principles of materials developmentstarting a hair extension business uk Markisen kaufen - Markisen Test - Vergleiche Die Top 5 der besten Markisen patagonia centered tights ridgid of50150ts parts Then, it takes several ideas of English materials development principles from several authors such as Bell and Gower (2011), Nunan (1988), Hall (1995), Ellis (2010), Tomlinson (2010,2013), Tomlinson and Masuhara (2013). (2008). Materials should push learners beyond their current level. Issues in Materials Development pp 1129Cite as, Part of the Critical New Literacies: The Praxis of English Language Teaching and Learning (PELT) book series (CNLI). Materials are any systematic description of the techniques and exercises to be used in classroom teaching. To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds toupgrade your browser. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Shelton-Strong, S. J. For Hutchinson & Waters 12, the models provided are important but also the way these models are delivered not simply statements of language use. Special number TESOL Teacher Education and Development. Materials Development in Language Teaching aims to help readers apply current theoretical principles and research findings to the practical realities of developing and exploiting classroom materials. ] t~V/("e`f%X,QE64!@"eMvtp Best Hotel In Holguin, Cuba, (1998). 45, pp. Queen Elizabeth I granted it the exclusive right to trade with all countries to the east of the Cape of Good Hope. In this paper, I investigate how CLIL is included in ELT coursebooks aimed at young learners, available to teachers in Argentina. bell and gower principles of materials development. Materials development for language learning and teaching, Leeds Metropolitan Universitybrianjohntomlinson@gmail.com, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0261444811000528, Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. << Bell and Gower (1998:122-125) started by articulating principles which they wanted to guide their writing: Flexibility From text to language Engaging content Natural language Analytic approaches Emphasis on review Personalized practice Integrated skills Balance of approaches . Principles of Authenticity in Second Language Instructional . Sweet & Maxwell has published the 10th edition of Gower: Principles of Modern Company Law edited by Professor Paul Davies and Professor Sarah Worthington. (2004). Ellis, R. (2005). Tomlinson (2003a:8) suggests that materials writers "underestimate . D. Material Development. Bell and Gower (1998, pp. bell and gower principles of materials development. Tomalin, B., & Stempleski, S. (2001). Materials development for language learning and teaching. endobj Vaiden Whitley High School - Shield Yearbook (Wendell, NC), Class of 1971, Cover | E-Yearbook.com has the largest online yearbook collection of college, university, high school, middle school, junior high school, military, naval cruise books and yearbooks. >> Copyright All rights reserved. /Border [ 0 0 0 ] In Issues in Materials Development. Materials should be clearly linked to the curriculum they serve. If you have ever wondered about what motivates human thought and behavior or how personalities form, understanding these theories can provide useful insight into both the individual and societal influences on early development. It also reviews the literature, first, on a number of controversial issues in the field, next, on electronic delivery of materials and, third, on research in materials development. 1. /Type /Page 209224). Such principles are not only reflexive and more context-bound; they are always related to specific content (in this case, EFL teaching . Brian Tomlinson English Language Learning Materi Book Fi org, Materials Actaptation of EAP Materials by Experiencecl Teachers (Part II. Creative poetry writing. 8-11, 80-82). The language teachers voice. The art of foreign language teaching: Improvisation and drama in teacher development. Wilson, K. (2008). Instant access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, podcasts and more. Meddings, L., & Thornbury, S. (2009). September 2022 6. Before engaging directly with the issues involved in materials development, it will be helpful to remind ourselves of the background from which materials emerge and against which they operate. Global. Tomlinson, B. Tanner, R., & Dale, L. (2012). Too good to be true. (2000). Weve updated our privacy policy so that we are compliant with changing global privacy regulations and to provide you with insight into the limited ways in which we use your data. And some writers report starting by articulating their principles. materials development and legal writing methods and pedagogy. decide what principles should drive their procedures. Part 2. ']`qlf@f@{8{Yt:>:7]UcEon! e @9#'=xo69rh .BMSp%w)+yf tw6Ln Up7A:F&vs(I~gY t"x26FS~q HyPzRJ0DMXH>2~Z$c 3,.%fXdv$0 7E[S{4Uq>-C4UtX^ ||kO=aIHZkL HCVW-\EPITaLqRAHS7J28eW*`3 (:NQwT%#0LySkL"^MrO&i K0IefM"YoDh&/0 ?n~N)y|Mu~wv~q udMHC V?w$z$ Qgg&..g=[}Bd3i[DlU^ w Do not sell or share my personal information, 1. London: Macmillan. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. >> Graves 11 believes materials should engage learners in discovery, problem solving, analysis style tasks. Canning, Nick /BleedBox [ 0 0 432 720 ] (2011). Oxford: Oxford University Press. >> (2013). %PDF-1.3 - Materials should be clear and systematic but flexible enough to allow for creativity and variety. English Teaching Professional, 82, 47. As a practical undertaking it refers to anything which is done In my own personal view, this principle is not of paramount importance. Some shared features among books 1.too quickly published with too little piloting 2.they do not sufficiently reflect what we know about language and then fail to meet the true needs of learners 3.they can provide a very useful resource for teachers draw backs of course books: 1.limitting creativity 2.not showing the dynamic and interactive nature Tools for analising teacher learner interaction and pedagogical decision maki Differentiated instruction in the english language classroom a case for integ Chapter 3 topic and the representation of discourse content, Realism and imagination in the teaching of english, The nature of reference in text and in discourse, Types of Pile Foundation based on function.pptx, Recombinant DNA Technology- Study of cloning vectors.pptx, Calculus with Theory, Problem Set Solutions 6.pptx, images b heart paper complete_ change fig numbers.pptx, No public clipboards found for this slide, Enjoy access to millions of presentations, documents, ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, and more. In: Tomlinson, B. Polar Breeze Portable Cooler Instructions, CrossRef mighty buildings adu cost; tootsie roll pop cherry calories; . By accepting, you agree to the updated privacy policy. It is the ground zero for a finished product that lists all parts, components, and materials for the finished product as it was originally designed. ), Of pavlova, poetry and paradigms: Essays in honour of Harry Orsman (pp. London: Macmillan. Tomlinson, B. It identifies gaps in the literature and makes proposals for future progress in materials development and in the research within the field. (2nd ed) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution. (eds). Tsagari, D. & Sifakis, N. C. (2014). A look at materials development, Evaluating and designing materials for the ESP classroom, The Work of Brian Abbs and Ingrid Freebairn, Language Theories Donation through Materials Development A case study in Jordan, Developing Materials for the 21st Century. In J. P. Lantolf (Ed. Required fields are marked *. The first group of the principles which was the most important was namely, - Materials should be engaging and motivating. Materials should not rely on too much controlled practice. Linking language and the environment. 2. 11 0 obj The findings of the study have implications for teaching, teacher training, materials design and policy making in contexts where learners use course books for foreign language learning. A., Jafarigohar, M., Atai, M. R., & Soleimani. bell and gower principles of materials development Posted by September 6, 2022 supertech 10w40 motorcycle oil on bell and gower principles of materials development the learners, how it should be provided and what can be done with it to promote language learning. Frameworks << This session guides the teachers to develop their own materials for teaching English otherwise every material depends on what . More than 15 million users have used our . (2nd ed.) VitalSource is the leading provider of online textbooks and course materials. Materials should make students do most of the work. Read our detailed cookie policy. and Teaching other subjects through English. ELT documents, A comparative study of the effects of input based and production based instruction on vocabulary acquisition by young EFL learners, Challenges facing the Singapore education system today, Materials development in language teaching, Connecting the mind: A multi-dimensional approach to teaching language through literature, Developing materials for language teaching, Language acquisition and development: Studies of first and other language learners, Form focused instruction and teacher education: Studies in honour of Rod Ellis, English language teaching materials: A critical review. principles, personal qualities and process. A principle most commonly emphasized in the literature is authenticity. As England sought to build a mercantile Empire, the government created corporations under a Royal Charter or an Act of Parliament with the grant of a monopoly over a specified territory. How to teach English with technology. Vocabulary : description, acquisition and pedagogy, edited by Norbert Schmitt and Michael McCarthy. Shielded Rj45 Connector, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Brian (2011). Extensive reading in the second language classroom. If none of this is very helpful to the aspiring materials writer, we can take comfort from Tomlinsons statement of preference for a principled approach to materials writing one which is driven by a set of agreed principles, both universal (2004). /H /I (2012). (eds) Issues in Materials Development. /Border [ 0 0 0 ] A second example is the desirability of facilitating what Bell & Gower term learner development. New York, NY: Harper Perennial. Bell, J. Insights from the common European framework. 500 556 500 500 500 500 500 549 500 556 556 556 556 500 556 500