I had one goal-to get the aircraft on the ground and get out of it. 0000003086 00000 n Ensuring a minimum level of proficiency for all pilots to recognize and safely respond to hazardous weather situations. The Federal Aviation Administration's (FAA) literature defines five hazardous attitudes that can undermine a pilot's aeronautical decision making. Otherwise, this important survival mechanism becomes a serious safety liability. <>/Border[0 0 0]/Contents()/Rect[72.0 607.0547 161.3428 619.9453]/StructParent 3/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>> endobj xTYI21'f/@l0eGmM AKn[=34EW"znr}|~Jlc 0000001529 00000 n 0000005553 00000 n The advantage of the case control methodology is that, instead of focusing on the factors that accidents have in common, and possibly being misled by characteristics common to most pilots/flights, it identifies characteristics that set accidents apart and contribute to their occurrence. All kidding aside (this could really ratchet up my hate mail), it could be that a diminishing cohort of old white guys, and the trade and member organizations that represent them, are preventing progress. Stresses are also cumulative, so before you decide to fly, consider all the stresses acting upon you and the potential cumulative effect. endobj Those with a hazardous resignation attitude believe that they have little control over their own destiny-that fate or bad luck is the cause of their misfortune. 5. 946 0 obj Risk plays a key role in most general aviation fatal accidents. Historically, about two-thirds of all general aviation (GA) accidents that occur in instrument meteorological conditions (IMC) are fatal-a rate much higher than the overall fatality rate for GA accidents. The feeling of invulnerability should be balanced against an equally keen sense of caution. While most of us don't like to admit it, at times we all act as if the rules don't apply to us. <>/MediaBox[0 0 612 792]/Parent 925 0 R/Resources<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageC]/XObject<>>>/Rotate 0/StructParents 0/Tabs/S/Type/Page>> His views are solely those of the author and not necessarily of any client he represents. (/1 pts ) Term. 0000003737 00000 n Is bureaucratic inertia at the FAA and within the industry preventing us from getting our moneys worth? 0000005831 00000 n To avoid them, we must constantly make the painstakingly difficult assessment of our own mental condition. The same goes for the macho attitude. It heavily emphasized risk management and single-pilot resource management. This study examined the FAA-defined Hazardous Attitudes and the regularity with which they occurred in the U.S. air carrier flight crew related accidents between 1991-2018. A person with a hazardous impulsivity attitude may feel the need to do something-anything-quickly. My hard-working colleagues and I created a program that we thought the FAA would love. Pilots must have a high degree of confidence in their ability to operate an airplane. That is why the last hazardous attitude is resignation. 945 0 obj Rather than using real-world scenarios for training and testing, the existing system is based more on rote knowledge acquisition and performing traditional training maneuvers. I was intent on creating a scenario-based training program, covering all the well-known elements of the Eclipse program, including initial type training and mentoring. He shared case studies in which pilots made a series of poor decisions that led to fatal accidents, from lack of proper communication with air traffic control to misjudging weather conditions. 0000004543 00000 n 0000002012 00000 n They believe that tie-off regulations are excessive, caution signs arbitrary, and personal protection equipment gets in the way. For example, why did the pilot lose control? Their report recommended changes in airman knowledge tests and Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) training materials, among other changes. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); You have entered an incorrect email address! 937 0 obj There is still no way to determine how many of these pilots had datalink weather available to them, but it is reasonable to assume that many did. It may have been a harsh step to sell that motorcycle, but the experience reinforced a valuable lesson about human nature. 0000006152 00000 n One representation of this process is called the DECIDE model. Fundamentally, the key to effective TAA training may not involve the glass at all but rather the proper use of higher-order pilot skills-especially risk management.A little recent historyThe TAA revolution really took hold in the early part of the last decade (2001-2005), and in the five years since then has matured. It never occurred to me that I was pushing the limits when I rode. This person might leave action and decision making to others and figure safety is all a matter of chance. These attitudes, Anti-Authority, Impulsivity, Invulnerability, Macho, & Resignation, often lead to poor judgment and risk assessment. (See sidebar.). When the resignation attitude develops, we must realize that we are not helpless and force ourselves to continue thinking and flying the airplane. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. endobj 0000000816 00000 n 0000010522 00000 n These attitudes often pop up in everyday life, aviation, the military, and construction. Certainly it was time for a change: The motorcycle had to go. The Safety Board published reports on weather- or visibility-related GA accidents in 1968,1 1974,2 1976,3 and 1989.4 The 1968 study considered in detail all GA accidents 1 National Transportation Safety Board, An Analysis of U.S. General Aviation Accidents Involving Weather as a Cause/Related Factor 1966, Notation 155 (Washington, DC: 1968). The art and science of risk management is now a fundamental concept that permeates virtually all industrial processes from nuclear power plant management to-you guessed it-aviation safety. 0000002983 00000 n 0000002571 00000 n 0000004728 00000 n trailer << /Size 123 /Info 86 0 R /Root 90 0 R /Prev 1048628 /ID[] >> startxref 0 %%EOF 90 0 obj << /Type /Catalog /Pages 87 0 R /Outlines 85 0 R /PageLayout /SinglePage /PageMode /UseNone /ViewerPreferences << /HideToolbar false /HideMenubar false /HideWindowUI false /CenterWindow false /FitWindow false >> /Metadata 88 0 R >> endobj 121 0 obj << /S 97 /O 189 /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 122 0 R >> stream 0000003678 00000 n None of the real-world issues mattered-sweating fuel during an unexpected hold, dealing with practical risk-management issues, coping with descents into busy terminal areas. Many small training entities and some individual instructors have embraced TAA training. The chart below details the five hazardous attitudes as well as antidotes for them. &uV`3TeDzSij=m\9U8^ OgP _e\XqjV5Qt:XS "TVvv 0000004813 00000 n That information was compared with data that regional ASIs collected about the accident flights as part of their normal investigations. q4T. Anti-authority: "Don't tell me!" X.1 OXRXfYy_%)i ;ee u #4& Illness-Any form of illness can affect our ability to safely operate an aircraft. Also, Middle Tennessee State University did some pioneering work with a combined private-instrument rating curriculum-with a single test-and the regulations have been changed to enable that option. I just couldnt resist the opportunity to try and create a product that embraced all of the training concepts that I had been advocating. "With an overall fatality rate of 83.1 percent, weather accidents remain the deadliest of all" (AOPA, 1999, p. 20). Mental abilities as well as motor coordination can be severely compromised when a pilot is tired. When we hear the stall warning, we lower the nose, apply power, and level the wings. Being an ex-FAA type, I immediately created the acronym REME to describe these folks. As a result, they may not think about if they should be doing it at all. I concluded that 25 of the accidents had a high likelihood of being prevented by using such techniques and only four accidents were really skill-related.What about the other higher order pilot skills such as automation management and single-pilot resource management? Eating-Nutrition is another important factor that contributes to mental processes, including decision making. This resignation becomes hazardous when a pilot gives up when faced with difficult situations. 0000003047 00000 n In a way, the term technically advanced aircraft (TAA) has become a misnomer but it is still widely recognized as a tag line for a variety of related issues-288including TAA training.A freshly released NTSB study (see the April and May, 2010, issues of Aviation Safety) alleges glass cockpits in general aviation airplanes have not led to expected safety improvements. 0000007528 00000 n The informed consumer is probably the best agent for training change. Technology can do great things, Kennan said, but its a double-edged swordit depends on how you use it., Volpe National Transportation Systems Center, Attitude Adjustments Could Prevent Aircraft Accidents, United States Department of Transportation, Student and Recent Graduate Opportunities. 0000004070 00000 n 0000004565 00000 n 0000012437 00000 n They are antiauthority, impulsivity, invulnerability, macho, and resignation. 0000002176 00000 n All nonaccident pilots voluntarily consented to interviews and provided information about their flights, their aircraft, and details about their training, experience, and demographics. Identifying personal attitudes hazardous to safe flight 2. ~%jvN0VQ95vvvXNF]( 0000006902 00000 n 0000007405 00000 n 0000002024 00000 n 0000001547 00000 n These attitudes, Anti-Authority, Impulsivity, Invulnerability, Macho, & Resignation, often lead to poor judgment and risk assessment. ]e. 0000005772 00000 n 0000013948 00000 n One of the projects I took on was to bring the flight training paradigm into the 21st century. 0000003541 00000 n 0000001652 00000 n We choose a desirable outcome, initiate change by doing something, and evaluate the effect of this action on correcting the deviation. The only thing their guidance material emphasized was compliance with the Airline Transport Pilot and Type Rating Practical Test Standard (PTS). 0000005320 00000 n We all know that alcohol and drugs affect our decision-making abilities, but even the air we breathe can affect our perceptions. I just couldnt resist the opportunity to try and create a product that embraced all of the training concepts that I had been advocating. 0000008266 00000 n 0000007215 00000 n 0000017373 00000 n 953 0 obj On the other side of the fence are elements that want to change the status quo and not just with better training. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS startxref P The collaborative instructor spends as much time and energy as needed to work with the student pilot until any flight training issues associated with hazardous attitudes are resolved to the mutual . They dont think about what theyre about to do before they do it. 0000002022 00000 n 943 0 obj Unfortunately, neither the NTSB nor the FAA has recognized the real issues regarding TAA training. When a construction worker has an anti-authority attitude, it can lead to problems or even injuries. Even technologies such as synthetic vision have become the new norm. Confidence sometimes exceeds ability. 0000002738 00000 n When an anti-authority attitude overwhelms good judgment, the danger zone is close. ", The same thing can happen in an airplane. 0000003787 00000 n 0000006924 00000 n Historically, about two-thirds of all general aviation (GA) accidents that occur in instrument meteorological conditions (IMC) are fatal-a rate much higher than the overall fatality rate for GA accidents. Lightning-quick responses are essential to safety and survival in some circumstances, but in most situations, including many emergencies, its better to take some time to sort things out before committing to a course of action. Sinus blockage caused by a head cold, for example, can result in severe vertigo. 0000005155 00000 n 3.7% of accidents in 2010 were weather related yet these accidents accounted for 27.1% of fatalities. Under normal circumstances, our decision-making process operates effectively. The TAA revolution really took hold in the early part of the last decade (2001-2005), and in the five years since then has matured. endobj 0000002099 00000 n 0000010543 00000 n I concluded that 25 of the accidents had a high likelihood of being prevented by using such techniques and only four accidents were really skill-related. 0000004670 00000 n In this world of high-speed computing, information access, and electronic communications, perhaps the most mysterious scientific marvel is the human mind. This approach favored cooperation between FAA and industry to change training doctrine, standards, and manuals without time consuming, inefficient and ineffective regulatory change. ^ZGiYii(n!NYe Our judgment becomes compromised, and we begin to slide down a slippery slope toward disaster. For example, while performing some work for one of my post-retirement clients, I evaluated 29 TAA fatal accidents and applied a simple test. 0000005495 00000 n Sometimes it seems that the rules just don't apply in the particular circumstances, that they aren't that important, or that we can get away with disregarding them. Especially when we have a strong desire to accomplish a goal, we can fool ourselves into believing that we can do something that is actually stretching the limits of our abilities. Definition. If you are considering flying while taking any medication, first consult your aviation medical examiner. None of the real-world issues mattered-sweating fuel during an unexpected hold, dealing with practical risk-management issues, coping with descents into busy terminal areas. It is a mixed bag, however.The FAA has revised many of the training handbooks, such as the Instrument Flying Handbook, to address TAA issues and has issued completely new manuals, such as the Risk Management Handbook. <> 0000001631 00000 n trailer 0000019118 00000 n Poor pilot judgment was cited as a key factor in most GA weather-related accidents. Keenan recently visited Volpe to discuss causal factors in aircraft accidents, with a focus on pilots. Maybe I had lost respect for the dangers of motorcycle riding or had developed an unsafe attitude. 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It was, and still is, a maneuvers-based test. 929 0 obj [938 0 R 939 0 R 940 0 R 941 0 R 942 0 R 943 0 R 944 0 R 945 0 R] tracks and switching equipment. Macho What is a proven antidote for an impulsive attitude? For example, why did the pilot lose control? Ritchie [8 . The flight instructor community could be effective in this regard, if it could speak with a unified voice. 0000010201 00000 n 0000007644 00000 n Our training is designed to foster our self-image as competent, capable pilots. It allows humans to cope with the prospect of injury or death. This methodology expands on previous Safety Board efforts that have typically concentrated on summaries of accident cases. 0000001983 00000 n We may fail to stop and consider the very real risks that are involved in the actions we take. If we find ourselves about to take a chance, we need to reflect on the significance of our decision to fly. Developing risk assessment skills. The Safety Board wishes to acknowledge the significant contribution to this study by the GA pilot community. /@z [?20|y>n |,GPQ@ L/ If we truly believed that we would be injured or killed each time we climbed into the cockpit of an airplane, we'd never turn the starter. 0000005714 00000 n People with a hazardous macho attitude feel the need to continually prove that they are better than others. It is a mixed bag, however. If you haven't had adequate rest, don't fly. The FAA has revised many of the training handbooks, such as the Instrument Flying Handbook, to address TAA issues and has issued completely new manuals, such as the Risk Management Handbook. . In conclusion, physical and physiological stressors can have a huge influence on a persons perceived limits. But when a friend of mine, one whom I considered to be less conservative than myself, remarked how sparks flew from the footpegs every time I cruised around the traffic circle in our town, I had to reconsider. Impulsivity: Attempting to solve a problem with the first solution that comes to mind, rather than taking time to consider and select the best option. 0000000016 00000 n They may be smart enough to know that accidents can happen to anyone at any time, but they never really believe that they will be personally involved. Such stressors can severely alter our perception of the five elements of flight decision making. I personally created and often taught the risk management segment. cESW#9kD{{. <<197CA437C9B5B2110A00A89A1D010000>]/Prev 486900>> If you find yourself deficient in any of these areas, your decision-making ability may be compromised, and the no-go decision should be made. 0000014932 00000 n Each letter represents one of six important factors affecting our ability to fly safely and engage in effective decision making. %PDF-1.4 % In a way, the term technically advanced aircraft (TAA) has become a misnomer but it is still widely recognized as a tag line for a variety of related issues-. 934 0 obj The result is the FAA Industry Training Standards (FITS) program.I envisioned FITS as an outside-the-box approach to addressing general aviation training issues. Psychological stressors are probably the most common cause of allowing antiauthority traits to run amuck. endobj Physiological stressors can also in-fluence our macho attitude. Really, isnt this why current and future customers spend $600,000 and up for a sophisticated traveling machine? I lost control and slammed into an innocent bystander. Keeping this attitude in check, and acknowledging limits, is important for the safety of everyone. They are apt to think that it is good luck when things go well, and bad luck when things go poorly. %PDF-1.4 % 0000001367 00000 n Could the accident have been prevented if the pilot had conducted effective risk management by identifying, assessing and mitigating hazards using simple and common techniques? Being injured while taking a stupid risk is worse than some perceived evaluation of strength. These statistics are compiled from information contained in Storm Data, a database comprising information from NWS forecast offices in the 50 states, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Virgin Islands. Of course we don't think we're going to crash. HTM0Gq+Go`5KVlu6t I{"y8s6`dp0av8hbp V&3"(iS{G?/D&1tGl6FUH-g5D =F:Ogt4~|GFKEuBNF 3D0`"n3El%e?Nt/SBUptH901]hm0\YN7.b0 0000003776 00000 n Learn the Five Hazardous Attitudes and be ready for them. The Five Hazardous Attitudes. The typical Cirrus customer doesnt go to the airport to get REMEd out but rather goes there so he can use his airplane to get somewhere. (See AOPA Flight Training, June 1999). The decision-making process in-volves awareness of our situation. Throughout our training, the need to react quickly-to take prompt action in response to a changing situation-is emphasized. The area where traveling TAA fared the worst was in weather-related accidents. The short version is it involves a three-part process to identify, assess and mitigate risk from specific hazards. A built-in sense of invulnerability originates as a survival mechanism. People who think, Whats the point? do not see themselves as being able to make a great deal of difference in what happens to them. 0000005437 00000 n The Federal Aviation Administration's (FAA) literature defines five hazardous attitudes that can undermine a pilot's aeronautical decision making. 0000001028 00000 n I was 12 years old and way over my head on an icy slope. You can be type-rated to carry passengers at FL410 without ever getting above 10,000 feet. 0000002102 00000 n endobj ^q+HLu_yBRSU[xs@m+!fQ@ F"7 4. The extent to which they failed to meet that objective is beyond the scope of this article. To ensure our customers could pass the practical test, I and my successors at Eclipse quickly moved the higher order pilot training to the mentoring phase, which is not required by the regulations if you conduct all of the training in the airplane itself, rather than a simulator.I left Eclipse in February 2008, thus avoiding the companys final denouement when it came a year later. What's important is that we recognize the traits within us, understand how these traits can develop into hazardous attitudes, and develop mechanisms to readjust our thought processes as we enter the zone of hazardous attitudes and dangerous decision making. When a person is feeling tired, sick, or overwhelmed, they may take on one of the 5 hazardous attitudes. The third category is psychological stressors, and these include myriad factors such as peer pressure, self-image, get-home-itis and the hurry-up syndrome. Belvoir Media Group, LLC. 0000005372 00000 n But when stressors are present, the decision-making process can become strained or fail altogether as the pilot fails to properly evaluate any of the five flight elements. Higher-order pilot skills, such as risk management, single-pilot resource management and automation management are either poorly considered or not addressed at all. I recall how, on a solo cross-country training flight, my abilities were impaired by a bout of airsickness. For example, the invention of the global positioning system (GPS) caused some pilots to lose previously ingrained navigation skills and neglect standard procedures. What about the other higher order pilot skills such as automation management and single-pilot resource management? 0000003843 00000 n Of course, not every incident is a result of unwise decision making; thats why theyre called accidents. <>/Border[0 0 0]/Contents()/Rect[72.0 618.0547 251.3838 630.9453]/StructParent 2/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>> 935 0 obj Understanding each of these hazardous attitudes can help pilots of all skill levels manage risk and make safer decisions in the skies. Our program quickly obtained FITS acceptance from Washington and we thought we were on our way. 0000007464 00000 n quickly become a crosswind or tailwind (/1 pts ) Term. I served as the FAAs lead general aviation executive from 2001 until I retired in 2005. 0000002512 00000 n 932 0 obj At this point, you would be correct to ask, What exactly was wrong with the current general aviation training system? The training doctrine and paradigm in place in 2001, and still mostly in place today, is a relic of the Civilian Pilot Training Program begun in the 1939-1941 period just prior to the war. endobj Hello world! <>/Border[0 0 0]/Contents(International Symposium on Aviation Psychology)/Rect[483.8452 607.0547 540.0 619.9453]/StructParent 5/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>> Alcohol-All pilots should know better than to mix alcohol with flying. When we become overconfident or complacent, our attitude subtly shifts and our margin of safety begins to erode.