However, there is no concreteevidence to suggest foul play was involved in Golshani's disappearance, and what truly happened to her remains a mystery. After having 19 drinks onboard the cruise ship, Samantha headed to the 3.5-foot railing after her drinks at the bar and sat there for a moment before she fell into the Gulf of Mexico. Mizener's purse was discovered on one of the ship's lower decks, near a railing, leading many to believe she somehow fell or was pushed overboard. 12. Since this time there have been reports that suggest that she had been kidnapped and sold into sexual slavery. The longest time a survivor was found alive in the water was after 18 hours, in 2003. Bloke two likely followed him in a failed rescue attempt. The disappearance of passengers and crew members from vessels on the high seas is a regular occurrence. Web1. But knives were strewn across the cabin floor as though there'd been a mad scramble for weapons. Our team of lawyers has over a century of combined experience, has successfully handled over 3,000 cases, and has recovered over 300 million dollars in damages for our clients. There are many reasons why people might disappear on a cruise ship. While a significant portion of cruise ship deaths are the result of natural causes old age is a common culprit the website also lists suicides, incidents of passengers falling overboard, overdoses, and even murder. Between the over-serving of alcohol, assault incidents on the high seas and various other accidents that can take place onboard cruise ships, statistics show that over 30 passengers have mysteriously disappeared from vessels in the past four years alone and federal authorities are finally starting to get the message that something must be done to improve the safety of all whom are onboard cruise ships. The U.S. Coast Guard said Tien Phuoc Nguyen, a Canadian citizen, was travelling with his family on the Royal Caribbean That night, somewhere between midnight and the early morning hours, John Halford disappeared. Out on the open seas, a cruise ship is a very safe environment but its also away from prying eyes which makes them the perfect location for a murder mystery story or even a real-life crime. Eventually, 14 years after her death, Micki Kanesakis ex-husband, California lawyer Lonnie Kocontes was convicted of her murder. Over the years many of them have gone viral but no matter what, some cruisers never learn! Peter Mims was very much alive and kicking. This is one of the most popular cruise passenger videos missing the ship in recent times. This has led her family to suspect foul play. 2022 Lipcon, Margulies & Winkleman, P.A. In the last two years, 41 people went overboard or went missing on cruise ships, according to CruiseJunkie.com, a cruise watchdog site. No remains were found, which is curious given how close the boat was to shore. Dr. Ross Klein, an industry expert on cruise ships, collected information on reported disappearances on cruise ships since 2000. Investigations into such disappearances can often be inconclusive, as missing passengers are frequently never found. is comprised of attorneys that are nationally-recognized industry leaders in the field of maritime and admiralty law. There have even been rare instances where people have been thrown off the ship. The One of the crew members reported that Carver appeared to be missing, but the ship made no effort to find her. Be the first to rate this post. A few hundred people going missing over two decades is a very small percentage and its most definitely not something that you should worry about, so please dont let it put you off from cruising. His pal decides to bring it to him but the cruise ship was pulling away. In the last sighting of her, she was seen on surveillance video talking on one of the ships internal phones. Below are a fewstatistics about overboard falls: When a person on a ships manifest disappears while the vessel is at sea, the shipping company has a duty to conduct a reasonable search immediately upon learning of the disappearance. Yet no theory is particularly compelling, and what truly happened remains a mystery. Michael became a Los Angeles County car accident lawyer and dedicated advocates to help clients collect damages. A total of 32 people were killed in the wreck, and Rebello stayed aboard to help other passengers get off, giving one of them his lifejacket. Bradleywas later spotted by her father at about 5:30 a.m., and he said she was asleep on the balcony of their cabin. Golshani said he last saw Amaniat the ship's gift shop at about 1 a.m. before heading to the casino alone. She could have spent the night in another cabin and gone ashore in Vancouver without having to document it, they said.. She then hung up and walked away. Around halfway through the cruise, Carver disappeared. The woman gets on her knees hoping it would come back. 01-01-2014 11:05 AM. Merrian, the mother of one child, left on the cruise ship without notifying any of her family members. They are excellent. Read about the disappearance of Annette Mizener. Analysis of Liability, Lipcon, Margulies & Winkleman, P.A. There isnt any evidence of any foul play and the events that led to the disappearance of Fariba Amani remain a mystery. Her father began to search for her and discovered that her handbag had been found close to the railings. At this point, in an attempt to turn the vessel and retrieve his friends, bloke three is likely to have dropped the ship's sails. Four months later, the vessel was discovered drifting off Ragged Point, a remote corner of the eastern Caribbean. Here are the videos in no particular order: We reported this all the way back in December 2014 and its right up there with the all-time greats. Some believe he was shoved overboard by men he encountered at the casino, while others believe, in his state of intoxication, he became disoriented and fell. * Disclaimer required by the Florida Bar: The numbers above are the gross recoveries, before deduction for attorneys fees and expenses. From 2000 to 2016, within a span of 16 years, there were 270 fall-overboard cases reported by the cruise companies, with 2015 seeing the highest number of fall-overboard cases 27. Internationally and Nationally Recognized. At the time of her disappearance, the ship had beenheaded from Aruba to Curaao, Antilles. According to Vance Gulliksen, a spokesperson for Carnival Cruise Lines: "Bedbugs typically are brought on board via guests' hand bags or luggage.". While it's not an implausible explanation, her parents believe the pool walls were too high to allow this. We dont know too much about this video but according to the user who uploaded it the cell phone and a cruise ship passenger missed the ship. He said she told him her name and asked for help, saying she was being held captive there. Raw sewage taking over ships has happened more than once. The public also shrugs the issue aside when they hear about passengers falling overboard, blaming it on the passenger being reckless. A search of his room revealed a suitcase filled with gifts for his wife and children. Cruise ships are how most everyday people get on the ocean nowadays, but plenty of people have gone missing at sea from other boats as well. Around 400 people have gone missing from a cruise ship since 2000. While many cruise lines have installed advanced wastewater treatment systems, per Quartz, the EPA estimates that a "single 3,000-person cruise ship pumps 150,000 gallons of sewage into the ocean per week." Another theory is that he was pushed overboard by some men that he had met in the casino. ", camelback, a multi-tool, Peeps candy and an empty peanut butter jar. Two months after her disappearance, Coriam's grieving family was supposedly notified of transactions on Rebecca's bank account, and her Facebook account password was changed. The FBI is offering a reward of up to $25,000 for information leading to the recovery of Amy Lynn Bradley and information that leads to the identification, arrest, and conviction of the person(s) responsible for her disappearance. Ramiz Golshani said he last saw Amani at the ships gift shop at around one in the morning. "What was supposed to be a relaxing vacation turned into a nightmare!" Cruise ships are legally required to carry body bags and maintain a morgue. The loved ones of missing cruise passengers and crewmembers often do not obtain the answers they deserve from the Cruise Line absent hiring an experienced maritime lawyer. Sudden illness meant the captain and first mate were relieved of duty by replacements. The story lost some of its credence, though, when staff realized all of Li's possessions remained in their cabin, right down to her wallet, ID, and her shoes. In 2010 the United States Coast Guard put into place the Cruise Vessel Safety and Security Act, which The Carroll Deering was a huge commercial schooner, active in the early part of the 20th century throughout North America's oceanic waters. Women are less likely than men to fall overboard. And where do these cruise companies get off being so peppy and upbeat when they're clearly floating death traps with a suspicious fondness for bad reggae music and overpriced sunscreen? Blood was laterfound on the canopy beneath the cabin, indicating that Smith had fallen or had been pushed. duly informed. On the night of her disappearance, she sang karaoke with her daughter and visited the casino but she failed to meet her parents to play Bingo as arranged. Whatever happened, no trace of the crew has been found. According to a report released for the Cruise Lines International Association in 2016 by G.P. In 2017, Daniel Belling and his wife, Xiang Lei Li, took a romantic Mediterranean vacation together on the cruise ship MSC Magnifica. At times, with lower seawater temperatures, hypothermia kicks in, while in warm waters, deadly sharks are in danger. The disappearance of Peter Mims from USS Shiloh was described by the Navy as a tragic mishap. You can also use our website form to talk over text or email. If you miss your ship in Miami and the first port of call is Key West, Florida, you will be unable to join your ship until it docks in a foreign port, like Mexico or Jamaica. Let us help you in these dark times by punishing the cruise line and getting you compensation for your loss! In early January 1921, on shore leave at a seedy bar in Barbados, two other captains overheard one of the Deering crew boasting that he would "get the captain before we get to Norfolk.". Neither Xiang Lei Li's body nor any evidence of her whereabouts were never found. On 1/1/2014 Marp2 said: He didn't exactly go "missing" , he jumped. The family grieved. But by6 a.m., Bradley had vanished. This helped people find out how passengers end up going overboard. Carnival Cruise Line has argued that they cant predict passengers who act recklessly or in intentional incidents, so its not fair that ship owners get blamed for such events. The womans husband was also with her on the ship pier Nassau, Bahamas. This field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged. The only camera that might have caught what happened was blocked by a map of the ship. They are realizing that being too late considerably duces the chances of a fallen overboard passenger, with many ships refusing to turn around to conduct a search operation. Lipcon, Margulies & Winkleman, P.A. The most recent suspicious This has led the U.S. Congress to investigate cruise ship security and find out if the industry is in fact guilty of suppressing or under-reporting disappearances. But this doesnt explain the raised voices. A pair of tourists claimed to have seen Bradley in Curaao, saying they recognized her tattoos, yet Bradley remained missing. When they filed the report they were not even aware that she had gone on a cruise. Crew aboard the Deering hailed the lightship and reported that the vessel had lost its anchors. Merrian Carver internationalcruisevictims.org Merrians case is a prime example of the disturbing reality surrounding cruise ship vacations: there is no police onboard and it is highly unlikely that a disappearance case will be resolved quickly. Then there are the gifts. Crew members helped her back to her cabin in the morning but nobody noticed that anything was wrong. Stories of people going missing on cruise ships are fascinating and there is certainly quite a lot of intrigue behind these disappearances. Ultimately, Carver's father would fund, coordinate, and oversee his own investigation into what happened to his daughter. But some cruise shipshave been giving a failing grade by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, which inspects ships for their sanitation. As internationally and nationally recognized cruise ship lawyers, our team is experienced and committed to bringing justice to passengers, crew, and anyone else seeking help under Maritime Law. Except that the sister was right. Downtown Los Angeles Office633 West 5th Street #2890Los Angeles, CA 90071(213) 596-9642Navigation /More Locations. Rebecca Coriam, 24, was an employee on the Disney Wonder cruise ship. This video is more serious and reminds us it can be a worrying time if a loved one never makes it back on board in time. (747) 330-1783. A search was conducted but nobody has ever seen Fariba Amani since. On the evening she disappeared, Bradley was at a club on the ship. The figure I have used has been extrapolated from Marketwatch data to account for a longer time period [Source]. However, Annette Mizener was not found and her fate remains a mystery. Get FBI email alerts NSFW. She made friends with the house band and spent time drinking with them until around 1 am when she went off on her own. Surprisingly, Carnival Cruises had the most cases during the year, with 28 passengers who faced sexual harassment, while a few fell overboard, never to be found From here, the whole thing goes off the rails. Global cruise They were on a two-week Mediterranean cruise and were headed from Greece to Turkey. Sylvester Butler boarded a Pacific Island bound cruise ship, the Golden Princess (above), in May 2017. This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google, Over $300 million recovered on behalf of our clients*, Representing Passengers And Crew Injured On Ships Worldwide. The federal judge ruled that the cruise line was not responsible for Samanthas disappearance. Currently, if a person falls overboard, cruise ships only stop and return to the spot after the passenger gets reported missing. Most people who fall overboard are either drunk or engaged in tomfoolery (climbing between cabins or playing on railings). A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. A cruise ship is a small town, explained Congressman Christopher Shays. Ultimately, nothing would stick. The problem is, no one knows definitively. In a combined effort costing millions of dollars, the U.S. Navy and Japanese coast guard teamed up to search over 5,000 square miles of treacherous ocean. Those who fall overboard are most often residents of California and Florida. It really is a rare event, but in this post, we will take a look at some disappearances at sea. When he returned to their cabin, she was not there, and he went to sleep. The virus causes your stomach or intestines or both to get inflamed (acute gastroenteritis). Annette Mizener was 37 when she won a Carnival cruise to the Mexican Riviera in December 2004. However, Merrian was never seen again. In 2016 alone, there were 62 reported sexual assaults on cruise ships (out of 92 total alleged crimes); NPR's Eric Weiner noted that, according to FBI statistics, some 16% of all murders and 7% of sexual assaults aboard cruise ships lead to convictions or plea bargains. Our attorneys here at Lipcon have represented the loved ones of many cruise passengers that have gone missing over the years and unfortunately, we can attest to the fact that cruise operators dont act as quickly as they should after a passenger is reported missing. We'll send you a weekly newsletter to your inbox. In a January, 2013 study, U.S.A. Today reported thatonly onemajor cruise ship Norwegian Cruise Lines Pride of America is a vessel registered in the United States. Samantha Broberg boarded a Carnival cruise ship in Galveston on May 12, 2016. After an hour, he told the ship's crew that he could not locate his companion. Perhaps in the process of smuggling these dangerous criminals something went horribly wrong? By clicking Sign up, you agree to receive marketing emails from Insider Photos Reveal Progress at Carnival Cruise Lines New Port, Cunard Line Unveils Historical Photo ExhibitionFrom Past 100 Years, Royal Caribbean Cuts Back on Housekeeping Service. Should there not be enough space, crew may have to get creative. Most overboard falls are most often a result of drinking or mischief, such as playing on railings or attempting to climb between cabins. We are ready to fight. Here are some of history's more memorable cruise ship and oceangoing disappearances. Reddit user Phantomsplit explained why it's not rare for a cruise ship toilet to overflow. CRUISE HIVE LTD 2008-2023. When he returned to their cabin she was not there and he went to sleep. Rebecca Coriam, 24, was an employee on the Disney Wonder cruise ship who disappeared on May 22, 2011. WebDetails: Amy Lynn Bradley, while on a family cruise to the Caribbean, went missing from the Royal Caribbean International Cruise Lines ship Rhapsody of the Seas . The user posted A guy left his cell phone on the bus. They may have fallen overboard or jumped off, or simply left the ship when it was in port. Doing as she was told, the attendant continued to do her job, placing the customary chocolates on the pillow of the untouched bed night after night. The most common theories arethat she was swept overboard while at the crew poolor that she jumped or fell from Deck 5. come back! It should not be assumed that your case will have as beneficial a result. She appeared to be upset. Cruise passengers helped with the search to find Samantha on the cruise ship, but she was never found. This firm has been successfully representing injured cruise ship passengers and workers for over 30 years. His data indicates that up to 11% of cruise disappearances are suicide. Millions of travelers rely on Cruise Hive in the United States, Europe, Australia, and around the world. In fact, higher-ups appear to have done precisely nothing. Leaves The Kids Onboard. Written by LM&W Please prove you are human by selecting the Cup. A mere month later, passengers on the Carnival Dream cruise ship fell victim to a similar fate. To this day, Kendall Carver has spent tens of thousands of dollars trying to investigate what happened to his daughter on the ship. The coroner surmised that Butler, whose condition had likely become terminal, decided this cruise voyage would be his last experience. The original video which Cruise Hive first The cruise company's PR department went into overdrive for a while, and the whole incident looked set to vanish quietly into cruise ship folklore. If you or anyone you know is having suicidal thoughts, please call the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at 1-800-273-TALK (8255). Amy Lynn Bradley, while on a family cruise to the Caribbean, went missing from the Royal Caribbean International Cruise Lines ship Rhapsody of the Seas. An autopsy conducted on her body revealed that she had been strangled and killed before her body was thrown overboard. Richard Fearnside was taking a quick ferry trip across the channel one dark night in May 2013, when he popped upstairs for a cigarette and was never seen again. It should not be assumed that your case will have as beneficial a result. The first bloke is thought to have attempted to free the line with a hastily-grabbed knife, falling into the ocean in the process. According to a recent report from research firm G.P. (LM&W, P.A.) I'm so sorry that this post wasn't useful for you! The average age of a person who falls overboard is 41 years old. The 55-year-old Indonesian National who was working in the engine department was found dead in his cabin by fellow crew members. Samantha Broberg: A Case Study on Intoxication on a Cruise. Carver, appalled by the delay in reporting the disappearance of his daughter, had this to say: It took the cruise ship company three days to conclude that Merrian had been on the cruise. WebSince 2000, over 200 passengers have gone missing from cruise ships. At 63, his sudden decision to head out alone on an Egyptian river cruise was viewed with surprise and concern by his wife and family, especially given their money difficulties and troubled relationship. At the time the ship was sailing off the coast of Mexico. "He's still alive," she said. Such arguments dont make sense if you consider how air travel and the air industry have extreme security and safety protocols in place to protect their passengers. Previously, cruise ships voluntarily provided crime statistics to the FBI, but they werent made public. From 2004 to 2005, pictures of Amy (recognizable by her distinctive tattoos) appeared on a Venezuelan escort website. There are many reasons for passengers falling overboard, and the safety act is there to ensure passenger protection from cruise companies. Lipcon, Margulies & Winkleman, P.A. Others say she was in a turbulent relationship and could have been upset, yet her family states that she would have never willingly gone overboard. The propellor likely became snarled in fishing line. According to cruise ship industry data, over 300 people have gone mysteriously missing from cruise ships since 2000. The cruise company claimed that films from the surveillance cameras were erased after 12 days, which was a flat out lie the videos were erased after 30 days. He was a crew member aboard the Costa Concordia, which smashed into a reef and capsized in January of 2012 off Giglio Island, Italy. In 1998, 23 year-old Amy Lynn Bradley set out with her family on a luxury Caribbean cruise ship, the Rhapsody of the Seas. Even authorities clash over what really happened to Rebecca Coriam, with some stating it was a simple, yet tragic case of someone slipping overboard and others alleging foul play. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); The maritime lawyers at Lipcon, Margulies & Winkleman have been dedicated to helping victims of cruise line related accidents, injuries and crimes for over 40 years. They argue that its not uncommon for passengers to sleep in other peoples cabins or even disembark at one of the ports. Weve all seen these videos of cruise ship passengers missing the ship. Somewhere between Fiji and its final port of Sydney, Butler disappeared. Many countries can be involved in a missing persons investigation, requiring authorities to navigate many levels of red tape and bureaucracy. Despite these potential leads, Amy Bradley has never been found. Over this time, cruising has become increasingly popular with around 30 million people enjoying a cruise in the When an individual on a ships manifest disappears, a report must be sent to the vessels flag country. But he was adamant, and in 2011 he set off on his solo cruise adventure. Toward the end of January, a keeper aboard the Cape Lookout Lightship reported sighting the Carroll Deering off the coast of North Carolina. The Carnival Triumph cruise ship famously caught fire and subsequently lost power in the Gulf of Mexico in February 2013. From 2000 to 2016, within a span of 16 years, there were 270 fall-overboard cases reported by the cruise companies, with 2015 seeing the highest number of fall-overboard cases 27. Sadly he never makes it back and as a result, she also must stay in port to make sure nothing has happened. Some passengers have fallen overboard, while other guests have disappeared via more mysterious means. By then 26 days had passed since her disappearance. The Bradley family also claim to have received anonymous pictures of Amy, scantily clad and in an unfamiliar setting. 28 million people took a cruise in 2018, meaning that these injuries make for only 0.0002 % of passengers. Under the combined crushing pressures of grueling hours at sea and family issues at home, Mims had slipped quietly into a state of delusional paranoia. Missing person cases were more sporadic in nature and did not Its thought that George Smith went overboard, but how that happened remains unknown. Many times people who have fallen overboard are rescued after many hours in the water. This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google, Over $300 million recovered on behalf of our clients*, Representing Passengers And Crew Injured On Ships Worldwide, Cruise Passengers Sexually Assaulted By Cabin Steward, 14 Year Old Girl Sexually Assaulted On Cruise Ship. Upon further research, investigators found that just under half the number of overboard accidents happen on Carnival Cruise Lines, with Royal Caribbean following in a close second. Then somebody from the engine department has to start breaking open black water pipes or ripping open pumps to find [the culprit].". On the bright side, it appears these mishaps can mostly be prevented with some common sense and discretion. He puts his bags down so he can focus on getting the ship to stop. If you miss your ship in Miami and the first port of call is Key West, Florida, you will be unable to join your ship until it docks in a foreign port, like Mexico or Jamaica. It does not Ive worked in the cruise industry since 2015 and now my blog helps over a million people to plan their cruises each month. as well as other partner offers and accept our, Svein Ove Ekornesvaag/Contributor/Getty Images. If the ship does not get to the fellow passenger who has fallen overboard, the deadly sea gulps them down. In Ketchikan, Alaska a woman missed the Carnival Legend by 38 minutes so there was no way it would wait any longer. It seems likely that we will never know the true fate of the people that have disappeared whilst on a cruise. His table rocked, and that person fell over the very low railings, throwing the man overboard. The size of the morgue depends on the size of the ship. Hi, I'm Jenni. hey! As reported by the Guardian, a note was found on one of the dead men: "I would like to send to my family a sum of money. From the moment he boarded the cruise, Butler's behavior was noted by staff and other passengers as a little unusual. His new wife had initially testified on his behalf in 2006, but in 2013 she revealed that Kocontes had murdered Kanesaki in order to inherit her million-dollar estate. Since then, ten more passengers and two crew members have been reported missing. Yet an extensive search conducted by the Coast Guard and the Navy failed to find any trace of Mizener, and the FBI's investigation was inconclusive. As Joyce Gleeson-Adamidis, who authors a series of stories called "Under the Captain's Table," wrote: "There is a dark side of what can happen on a cruise ship.". The high seas are a dangerous place to fall overboard, especially when ship owners and other passengers are unaware of the passenger disappearances. Not much is known of his last days aboard. On the night of her disappearance, she sang karaoke with her daughter, then hit the casino. Powered by: USAttorneys.comAreas Served. This has led many people to think that she somehow fell, jumped, or was pushed overboard. However, the concerning bit is that crew members on many cruise ships, or a cruise ship worker, do not report overboard cases, resulting in a presumably low count. From 2009 to 2016, there were eight fatalities tied to overboard incidents. Their onboard neighbours reported hearing loud talking, arguing, and a thud coming from the Smiths cabin. According to a recent quarterly FBI report which covers crimes on cruise ships, 35 sexual assaults were reported from July 1 through Sept. 30, 2019. Since many of these types of disappearances involve passengers going overboard, vessel operators must act fast once the news of the missing person is reported and must return to the area where the victim was last seen. {"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"Person","name":"Michael Ehline","url":"https:\/\/ehlinelaw.com\/about\/michael-ehline","image":"https:\/\/ehlinelaw.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/michael-ehline-personal-injury-attorney.webp","sameAs":["https:\/\/twitter.com\/MichaelEhline","https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/channel\/UCVUXlG6Z5mFpaJZfylEfYXA"],"jobTitle":"Managing Partner","worksFor":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Ehline Law Firm Personal Injury Attorneys, APLC"}}. Don't make this major mistake on your next cruise vacation. If youve gotten hurt on a cruise ship or your loved one has fallen overboard, you might have a legal case against the cruise ship. In the photo, the woman isscantily dressed, which adds fuel to the theory that Bradley was kidnapped and sold into sexual slavery. A lone passenger, he kept to himself, exchanging a polite nod or the occasional word but little else besides. Halford's disappearance has some interesting incongruities. Falling overboard is statistically most common on the last night of a cruise. Carnival Pride. Cruise ship disappearances happen more often than anyone can imagine and much more often than are reported. 98 cruise ships have run aground from 1972 to 2011. ran into engine troubles off the coast of Norway. But, if you have had a few drinks, maybe dont try climbing about on the railings. It is the cruise lines responsibility to keep passengers safe and fully investigate The disappearance of Amy Lynn Bradley is a very bizarre story. By 6 a.m., a frantic ship-wide search was conducted, but the trail was already cold. Of the 4,200 passengers and crew onboard, there were 32 casualties. Downtown Los Angeles Office633 West 5th Street #2890Los Angeles, CA 90071(213) 596-9642Torrance/South Bay3838 W. Carson Street, Ste 334Torrance, CA 90503(424) 999-7246Woodland Hills6200 Canoga Ave, Suite 202-bWoodland Hills, CA 91367.
Trevino Funeral Home Palo Alto San Antonio Obituaries, Dave And Jenny Marrs Wedding, Richard Pryor Wife Net Worth, Articles C