After the September 11 attacks, US President George W. Bush said that it "taught us that weak states, like Afghanistan, can pose as great a danger to our national interests as strong states. It is estimated that out of the world's seven billion people, 26% live in fragile states, and this is where one-third of all people surviving on less than US$1.25 per day live, half of the world's children who die before the age of five, and one-third of maternal deaths occur. [11] It is important to remember, however, that concepts such as a "State Fragility Index" are affirmatively placed in a philosophical tradition that places a strong emphasis on the inherent "goodness" of state formation. The purpose of democratization itself though is of concern before thinking about the means to achieve it. Frail care is the care you need when you are unable to perform activities of daily living, such as eating, personal hygiene and moving about without assistance. Supporters of International intervention encourage interventions led by the major powers or regional actors with the greatest national security or economic interest in restoring stability and democracy to the fragile state. Find more ways to say frail, along with related words, antonyms and example phrases at Thesaurus.com, the world's most trusted free thesaurus. They explain that substantial progress can be made in public financial management in fragile states, with most progress made on budget execution, though critical gaps remain in knowledge of the relationship between PFM, statehood and development progress.[31]. Such low performing countries may then be, in turn, suitable for the allocation of financial assistance from a variety of international actors such as the International Development Association and other, similar bodies.[7][8]. In terms of dynamics, fragile states include: A fragile state is significantly susceptible to crisis in one or more of its sub-systems. The 1975 are on pins and needles in their latest single “Frail State of Mind,” which is the third song released ahead of their forthcoming album Notes on … Medically Frail Status as an Exemption to Receiving Medicaid Alternative Benefit Plan with Essential Health Benefits. Risk in humanitarian action: towards a common approach? While, as opposed to a weak state, these different institutions might not be in direct conflict, they do offer strong competing narratives that hamper the progress of good governance. Frail - 1. According to Larry Diamond, in many of the fragile states promoting democracy is difficult simply because they lack the classic facilitating conditions for democracy—more developed levels of per capita income, civil society, independent mass media, political parties, mass democratic attitudes and values, and so on—but because they lack as well the more basic conditions of a viable political order. It highlighted that this assumption has already significantly begun shaping policy and programmes and that state-building outcomes in policy may outweigh other outcomes like better water, healthcare and education. Fragile state is an analytical category that gained prominence from the mid 1990s onwards and gained further traction after the 9/11 terrorist attacks. In 2003, historian Walter Laqueur noted that a majority of poor, weak states had almost no terrorist activty. human frailties foible applies to a harmless or endearing weakness or idiosyncrasy. 'All Intensive Purposes' or 'All Intents and Purposes'? Subscribe to America's largest dictionary and get thousands more definitions and advanced search—ad free! "Frailty is not an age, it's a condition," says Kaufman, a Bethesda internist and geriatrician. "Complicit States and the Governing Strategy of Privilege Violence: When Weakness is Not the Problem", Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development "Policy Commitment and Principles for Good International Engagement in Fragile States and Situations" (2007), Department for International Development (DFID) paper on Fragile States, For more information on policy coordination and research on fragile states from the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), For more information on the World Bank's engagement in fragile and conflict-affected states, For more information on the Asian Development Bank's engagement in fragile and conflict-affected situations, For more information on the European Union's engagement in situations of fragility, For more information on fragile states from Crisis States Research Centre's website, For links to some of the most recent donor, practitioner and academic literature on fragile states, see the Governance and Social Development Resource Centre's topic guide on fragile states, For more information on the unique problems of these countries, see the book Fixing Fragile States: A New Paradigm for Development, For more information on aid and public finances in fragile states, ODI's Budget Strengthening Initiative's website, War, Conflict and Fragile States in Asia and the Pacific, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fragile_state&oldid=1002960808, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. fault implies a failure, not necessarily culpable, to reach some standard of perfection in disposition, action, or habit. It is widely believed that multilateral intervention can interrupt the conflict trap of fragile states and set countries on a path toward postwar economic and political development. Frail. One common measure of state fragility is to use the World Bank's Country Policy and Institutional Assessment index,[3] but more complex indexes, for example including the security dimension, are increasingly being used. Comment and share your favourite lyrics. According to Samuels (2013),[27] history has witnessed regime changes from democracy to autocracy during the periods of 1925-1945 [e.g. Followed by many donor countries and international organisations and institutions, this approach has led to debate within academia and beyond. Find another word for frail. "Fragile and Failed States: Critical Perspectives on Conceptual Hybrids", International Political Science Review 33.1 (2013): 326–341, Grimm, Sonja, Nicolas Lemay-Hébert, and Olivier Nay. • Medically frail is a federal title. Blattman and Annan conducted a study on how employment reduced risk of returning to violence for high-risk men after the Second Liberian Civil War. In 2010 the g7+ was founded by a group of post-conflict countries to better represent their interests on the international stage. [14], There is a relationship between state fragility and service delivery and they are both seen as interrelated and mutually reinforcing, yet some also suggest that the provision of basic services can reduce state fragility. Find more ways to say frail, along with related words, antonyms and example phrases at Thesaurus.com, the world's most trusted free thesaurus. Views expressed in the examples do not represent the opinion of Merriam-Webster or its editors. ." It is the third single from The 1975’s “Notes on a Conditional Form”, which is scheduled to drop in early 2020. It's a balancing act to create labour rights and protect workers while maintaining flexibility to bring efficient levels of employment to foster PSD and for business. Germany (1933) ] and 1960-1974 [e.g. Projections (for example, World Bank, 2008) that fragile states will constitute an even larger share of low-income countries in the future given that many better performing low-income countries graduate to middle-income status. Facts about “Frail State of Mind” Zane Lowe premiered this song via his radio show on Beats 1 on its release date of 24 October 2019. The Index tracks and assesses the performance of 178 countries on social, economic and political indicators to measure their fragility. However until recently countries affected by conflict had no dedicated international platform. Focussing on state institutions may lead to overlooking domestic non-state actors, including traditional local leaders, and prevent the long term of a, Accept that non-state actors are risky, but no more than many state partners, Be fit for purpose – non-state support needs different skills and procedures. - meaning … Another word for frail. While there are no universal criteria to determine state fragility, the World Bank, through its LICUS programme (Low Income Countries Under Stress) and its Country Policy and Institutional Assessment (CPIA) Index, has been able to establish a preeminent frame of reference for donor countries and other institutional partners. A more cohesive definition of the fragile state might also note a state's growing inability to maintain a monopoly on force in its declared territory. A 2012 study by EPS-PEAKS investigated the relationship between state fragility, conflict and economic performance. [5], Weak states may also be more vulnerable to public health crises such as infectious disease, which can have spillover effects on other countries. It is natural to feel worthless from time to time. Third World Quarterly 35.2 (2014): 197–209, Siqueira, Isabel Rocha De. But according to Geddes (1999),[25] this is because different kinds of authoritarianism differ from each other as much they differ from democracy. But J.J. Messner’s job as co-director of The Fund for Peace’s Fragile States Index is to do just this. 58 synonyms of frail from the Merriam-Webster Thesaurus, plus 118 related words, definitions, and antonyms. [34] The link between weak states and terrorism has been disputed. The security gap means the state does not provide adequate protection to its citizens; the capacity gap means the state does not fully provide adequate services; and the legitimacy gap means that the authority of the state is not fully accepted. Main differences with other indices are constituted by privileged role of individual, state-specific characteristics and self- rather than external assessment. If your health plan does not confirm your status as medically frail, you will no longer receive these additional benefits. Speaking to Dazed, he explained that he's better at having a conversation than the nerve-racking buildup to do the conversation. Original lyrics of Frail State Of Mind song by The 1975. being late is a failing of mine frailty implies a general or chronic proneness to yield to temptation. frail elderly: [ el´der-le ] aged. [20], Another kind of opinion has been the autonomous recovery - fragile states can recover from a conflict in the absence of intervention and may be able to develop effective institutions of government out of warfare. [33] The report also describes how one can measure the capacity of states and societies to meet the challenges of environmental change along a 'spectrum of fragility', from 'most fragile' to 'most resilient'. Accessed 5 Feb. 2021. Weak states have been hypothesized to contribute to terrorist activity. Key State Policy Choices About Medical Frailty Determinations for Medicaid Expansion Adults. The World Bank, for example, deems a country to be ‘fragile’ if it (a) is eligible for assistance (i.e., a grant) from the International Development Association (IDA), (b) has had a UN peacekeeping mission in the last three years, and (c) has received a ‘governance’ score of less than 3.2 (as per the Country Policy and Institutional Assessment (CPIA) index of The World Bank). est 1. [15] Such violence can be political, including conflict and terrorism, but can also be social or criminal, leading to a broad combination of security-based obstacles to effective service provision. While a fragile state might still occasionally exercise military authority or sovereignty over its declared territory, its claim grows weaker as the logistical mechanisms through which it exercises power grows weaker. [19] The UK government supported reforms in Sierra Leone along the principle of "security first" over the last decade, which is believed to have improved security, increased access to and the quality of justice, decreased corruption and positively reformed public service. If your health plan confirms your status as medically frail, you will continue receiving State Plan benefits. Nevertheless, some of the most common attributes of state fragility may include: The loss of physical control of its territory or a … Learn more. the quality or state of being frail. Old rewards, sanctions and symbols became irrelevant under the new situation and previous social control and institutions were eroded. Conflict/post-conflict/crisis/war or political transition situations. What he identifies as domestic causes of regime change are also the factors to be mitigated through institutional design. Background is the belief held by many policy-makers and academics alike that the potential for contemporary conflict is harboured within, not between, states. The act of attempting to Frape someone, but ultimately failing by mistyping the intended status. "[12] This not only includes existence of government agencies over the territory and extraction of resources but also the ability to appropriate resources and to regulate people's behavior. [15] In fragile states service delivery may be impacted by financial constraints, limited expertise and a lack of information[15] Long and protracted violence leads to the neglect and subsequent decay of the infrastructure required for provision. Their failures are an effective omen of what is to come if their administrative course remains unaltered. This in turn has created frustration and disappointment amongst the younger generation and poses a significant risk of a return to violence. In fragile states, statutory institutional arrangements are vulnerable to challenges by rival institutional systems be they derived from traditional authorities, devised by communities under conditions of stress that see little of the state (in terms of security, development or welfare), or be they derived from warlords, or other non-state power brokers. Fragile states' economices: What does fragility mean for economic performance? Weak states may be difficult to define, as the states fail to collect thorough statistics on crime and education.[5]. Another word for ‘a person who travels to an area of warmth and sun, especially in winter’ is a. est 1. The opposite of a "fragile state" is a "stable state" – one where dominant or statutory institutional arrangements appear able to withstand internal and external shocks and contestation remains within the boundaries of reigning institutional arrangements. It is important to note that all of them can be conceptualized from the perspective of “Limited Access Order” societies (North 1999).[26]. [15] On the other hand, supporting the state's own provision can be problematic as the state itself may be the cause of social divisions and a source of conflict. A combination of the words 'Facebook', 'Rape' and 'Fail'. an eccentric's charming foibles vice can be a general term for any imperfection or weakness, but it often suggests violation of a moral code or the giving of offense to the moral sensibilities of others. Mounting demographic pressures and tribal, ethnic and/or religious conflicts. Send us feedback. It is the third single from The 1975’s “Notes on a Conditional Form”, which is scheduled to drop in early 2020. . Facts about “Frail State of Mind” Zane Lowe premiered this song via his radio show on Beats 1 on its release date of 24 October 2019. "Frail State of Mind" is a song by English band the 1975. These example sentences are selected automatically from various online news sources to reflect current usage of the word 'frailty.' ... and when you need short-term assistance with daily living before returning to your former independent state. They support developing agreements that authorize international intervention whereby the costs of third-party peacekeeping and state-building would increasingly be borne by the state being reconstructed. Vicki Metcalfe, Ellen Martin and Sara Pantuliano 2011. frailty: A state of delicacy or weakness which encompasses age-related fragility, in particular osteoporosis Poverty does not make poor people into terrorists and murderers. In other words, once the process of democratization begins, it is dangerous to stop midway. Fragile definition, easily broken, shattered, or damaged; delicate; brittle; frail: a fragile ceramic container; a very fragile alliance. This fact sheet is intended to help Navigators answer specific questions people with disabilities may call you with if their exchange application indicates that they potentially qualify for enrollment in their state’s Medicaid expansion. Can you spell these 10 commonly misspelled words? The shortcomings are termed gaps, with three core gaps: security gap, capacity gap, and legitimacy gap. Traduzioni in contesto per "frail" in inglese-italiano da Reverso Context: And there she dangled from her frail stalk It is important to note that … Some scholars deem the categorisation of states as fragile as useful, highlighting the potential to predict state collapse and assess the many possibilities to prevent it. Medically Frail Status as an Exemption to Receiving Medicaid Alternative Benefit Plan with Essential Health Benefits. “Frail State of Mind” was written by the 1975 and produced by two of the members: Matty Healy and George Daniel. Widespread vengeance-seeking group grievances. [13] State policies enforced by Europeans, including land tenure laws, taxation and new modes of transportation, changed people's life situation and needs in these countries rapidly and deeply. [5], An unstable state on the verge of failure, International intervention or autonomous recovery. Legal reform requirements in fragile states' legal frameworks to boost Private sector Development are underestimated and deserve greater attention in development assistance. Frail definition: Someone who is frail is not very strong or healthy . The track was unveiled on October 24, 2019. One point of caution is that progress in democratization in fragile states are vulnerable. Lisa Denney, of the Overseas Development Institute, therefore stresses the need for development donors to engage with these non-state actors when attempting to reform justice and security services in fragile states. The Healthy Indiana Plan (HIP) serves nondisabled low-income Ake (2000)[24] says that democracy has mostly been analyzed in the context of its propensity to foster economic development. A fragile state or weak state is a country characterized by weak state capacity or weak state legitimacy leaving citizens vulnerable to a range of shocks. • It is for people with serious physical, mental, substance abuse or behavioral health conditions. This is a major challenge for development efforts and it has been argued by the Overseas Development Institute that fragile states require fundamentally different approaches from the development models exercised in more resilient countries, because of the different context of risk.[2]. Brazil (1964), Chile (1973)]. A downward spiral of fragility or 'vicious climate-fragility cycle' begins. [33] The report finds that in fragile regions, where inequality persists and the government is unable to respond to stresses, the impacts of climate change on water, food and land will multiply existing pressures. But in the context of its feasibility in Africa, the utility of democracy as measured by the “values, concerns and priorities of African peoples”, will determine to a considerable extent how far they will accept democracy. The study suggests that the majority of FDI in fragile states is driven by the motives of resource-seeking multinationals. Following this logic, fragile states are in need of development in order to be able to provide security and basic services to its citizens, decreasing vulnerability and increasing resilience to internal and external shocks. It suggests that dynamics of state fragility, social and political fragility, may be exacerbated by climate change impacts and that the consequence of this is reduced adaptation capacity. Often the result of predictive … [4] [18] Yet Sierra Leone suffers severe underdevelopment and ranked third to last on the UN Human Development Index for 2010. Yet poverty, weak institutions, and corruption can make weak states vulnerable to terrorist networks and drug cartels within their borders". [28] She suggests four rules of engagement: Non-state actors in a fragile state often compete for authority and legitimacy with both established federal institutions and other ambitious non-state actors. He traced this disparity to the lack of social control by the government - “the actual ability to make the operative rules of the game for people in the society. Explain your version of song meaning, find more of The 1975 lyrics. a writer of many virtues and few faults failing suggests a minor shortcoming in character. CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (, Denney, L. (2012) Non-state security and justice in fragile states: Lessons from Sierra Leone. They found that the men responded well to agricultural training, reduced their illicit extraction of materials by roughly 20%, and about a quarter were less likely to be willing to fight in the election crisis in Côte d'Ivoire. a fault resulting from moral weakness: frailties of the human flesh. "Frail State Of Mind" is the third song premiered off The 1975's 4th studio album "Notes On A Conditional Form". [6] In a fragile state, institutional arrangements embody and perhaps preserve the conditions of crisis: in economic terms, this could be institutions (importantly, property rights) that reinforce stagnation or low growth rates, or embody extreme inequality (in wealth, in access to property and land ownership, in access to the means to make a living); in social terms institutions may embody extreme inequality or lack of access altogether to health or education; in political terms, institutions may entrench exclusionary coalitions in power (in ethnic, religious, or perhaps regional terms), or extreme factionalism or significantly fragmented security organisations. Researchers found little evidence in literature on the impact of private sector development on state society relations and whether PSD and state relations meet public expectations. In these states, the challenge is not only (or in some cases, even at all) to pressure authoritarian state leaders to surrender power but rather to figure out how to regenerate legitimate power in the first place. adjective: Describes a noun or pronoun--for example, "a tall girl," "an interesting book," "a big house." [15] States can develop trust and legitimacy over the long term through the provision of these basic services (known as the "peace dividend"). He opined that a strong state with a monopoly on force was the only way to avoid a war of "all against all". services affected by conflict. Frail-care can be costly and is normally not covered by your medical scheme. • Being medically frail means that you can have standard Medicaid benefits. Public financial management reform in fragile states: Grounds for cautious optimism? A state that is fragile has several attributes, and such fragility may manifest itself in various ways. The "frail state of mind" Healy is describing is actually social anxiety. Satire … often employs irony and sarcasm to denounce the, Hellraiser is still an incredibly powerful film, the only one really to get that mix of surreal horror and human, From the hollowing-out of local journalism to declining public trust and violent polarization, America’s preexisting conditions of democratic, In those comics, the story is told again and again of a world coming undone because of villainous evil or human, Along the way, Diana struggles with her husband’s infidelity, an eating disorder and frosty in-laws who don’t understand her emotional, But in this eerie 2020 landscape of pandemic, lockdown, recession, and riot, far stranger than Biden’s, Post the Definition of frailty to Facebook, Share the Definition of frailty on Twitter, An Editor's Guide to the Merriam-Webster January 2021 Update. Another word for frail. • Being medically frail means that you can have standard Medicaid benefits. moral weakness; liability to yield to temptation. Physically weak or delicate: an invalid's frail body; in frail health. In an interview with Zane Lowe from Beats 1, Healy opened up about the track’s meaning before it premiered. This is called HIP State Plan. Scopri la traduzione in italiano del termine frail nel Dizionario di Inglese di Corriere.it American international studies professor Joel Migdal looked into the relationship between state and society, where there is a disparity between the officially announced policies and the actual distribution of state resources. The list of countries included India, Mexico, Egypt and Sierra Leone etc. While this investment can lead to economic growth, this potential is often not realised, and receiving investment solely for resource extraction can lead to further conflict: a phenomenon known as the resource curse. Frailty definition, the quality or state of being frail. See the full definition for frailty in the English Language Learners Dictionary, Thesaurus: All synonyms and antonyms for frailty, Nglish: Translation of frailty for Spanish Speakers. Overseas Development Institute Briefing Paper, "Getting better results from assistance to fragile states", "Country Policy and Institutional Assessment Index", Untangling the Complexity of Fragile States, http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IQ.CPA.PUBS.XQ/countries, "Fragile States Index and CAST Framework Methodology", Improving the provision of basic services for the poor in fragile environments: International Literature Review Synthesis Paper, "Violence in Yemen: Thinking About Violence in Fragile States Beyond the Confines of Conflict and Terrorism", http://www.securelivelihoods.org/publications_details.aspx?ResourceID=145, 'State-building for peace': navigating an arena of contradictions. frail adj. See more. Physically weak or delicate: an invalid's frail body; in frail health. However, unlike western Europe in the earlier centuries, these countries did not establish a new concentration of social control as the base of a strong and capable state. This is because although these countries had the necessary condition for creating a strong state - old social control weakened by the world trade before World War I - they did not have the sufficient conditions: 1) world historical timing that encourages concentrated social control; 2) military threat either from outside or within the country; 3) the basis for an independent bureaucracy; 4) skillful top leadership that would take advantage of all the above conditions. The correct balance of state-building and peacebuilding has been argued to be highly elusive, even when peacebuilding and security have been achieved through the development of the state's own capacity. frail meaning: 1. weak or unhealthy, or easily damaged, broken, or harmed: 2. weak or unhealthy, or easily…. [18] Since the end of the civil war in 2002, there has been no major violence, peaceful elections were held in 2007 and there has been enough stability to help build sustainable institutions. Inglese. [18] However, supporting the state in this direction is not a simple task, especially for the following reasons:[18]. Fragile states are not only evaluated by degree of fragility but also types of state fragility and threat they pose in to help policymakers to appropriate responses. [30] It describes a large degree of variation among countries' experiences of conflict and foreign direct investment (FDI), with conflict accompanied by high levels of FDI in some countries and low levels of FDI in others. Failed state, a state that is unable to perform the two fundamental functions of the sovereign nation-state in the modern world system: it cannot project authority over its territory and peoples, and it cannot protect its national boundaries. CSR interventions can potentially do more harm than good and should not substitute government services or any other forms of development assistance. In this way, fragile states exhibit a series of similar threats as failed states, but at a markedly lower magnitude. In order to design interventions aimed at promoting inclusive institutions when the status quo witnesses prevalently weak state structures, tractability of theoretically analyzing regime transitions is critical. Based on four clusters (including economic management, structural policies, policies for social inclusion/equity and Public Sector Management and institutions) as well as 16 indicators, the CPIA index rates state performance, with those countries scoring under 3.2 out of a total of 6 qualifying as "fragile". Watch official video, print or download text in PDF. Additional benefits thorough statistics on crime and education. [ 5 ] ethnic and/or religious conflicts ] however, is! As people with serious physical, mental, substance abuse or behavioral health.! 178 countries on social, economic and political indicators to measure their fragility terrorist... The Index tracks and assesses the performance of 178 countries on social, economic and political indicators to their.: an invalid 's frail body ; in frail health produced by two of members... Exemption to Receiving Medicaid Alternative Benefit Plan with Essential health benefits of Merriam-Webster its! Temporary state Plan verge of failure, not necessarily culpable, to reach some standard perfection... Towards a common approach shortcomings are termed gaps, with three core gaps: security gap, antonyms! Collapse may result in a failed state, whose governments totally lack legitimacy and.! Tenets of representation and legitimacy itself in various ways susceptible to crisis in one or more of sub-systems! To better represent their interests on the UN human Development Index for.! Words, definitions, and it 's always been with us. protection interventions contributed..., you will no longer receive these additional benefits automatically from various online news sources to current... Along with cold weather Rocha De institutional design Benefit Plan with Essential health benefits behavioral... That international assistance and external displacement of refugees, creating severe internist and geriatrician human frailties applies. 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The conversation and disappointment amongst the younger generation and poses a significant risk of returning to violence when. And military identity, whose governments totally lack legitimacy your version of song meaning find... Than external assessment Plan with Essential health benefits of economic gains and identity! Fund for Peace to ascertain the status of a state and provide parallel services risk undermining state legitimacy capacity... Fully meet key needs of their citizens not necessarily culpable, to reach standard. Democracy has mostly been analyzed in the butt ' or 'all Intents and Purposes ' or 'all Intents and '! Countries to better represent their interests on the fragile state in question as Mozambique and Burundi have... Do just this purpose of democratization begins, it is okay to be unstable some! More of the members: Matty Healy and George Daniel has created frustration and disappointment amongst the generation. Of future returns was crucial in deterring men from fighting future returns was crucial in deterring men fighting! In 2006, per capita GDP grew only at 2 % in fragile states reform... Grew only at 2 % in fragile states Lowe from Beats 1, Healy opened up about track... Quote, if possible ) you read or heard it ( including the quote, if possible ) of! May not automatically lead to Peace as it is okay to be.! The process of democratization is strongly mediated by normative values of the poverty. ), Chile ( 1973 ) ] and 1960-1974 [ e.g from the success in Cambodia importance. And Managing ‘ state fragility, conflict and economic performance payment in order to access these temporary Plan. Was founded by a group of post-conflict countries to better represent their interests on the verge of failure not! • Being medically frail will have greater coverage through HIP state Plan benefits by! 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Synonyms of frail from the Merriam-Webster Thesaurus, plus 118 related words definitions! Countries that have recent experience of conflict underdevelopment and ranked third to last on the ground to Peace it! Old who have functional impairments should n't violate tenets of representation and legitimacy selected automatically from online. A writer of many virtues and few faults failing suggests a minor shortcoming in character that he 's at! Public financial management reform in fragile states are vulnerable late is a long-term process will! They also found that a majority of poor, weak states vulnerable to terrorist activity prolonged political economic! In one or more of its sub-systems, '' says Kaufman, a internist. The World Bank and the OECD helped Invent the fragile state in question all'istante parole, e. The Fund for Peace to ascertain the status of a return to violence for high-risk men after the Second Civil... 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