Structure, development, and plasticity of dendritic spines. Behav Brain Res. 2007;34:146779. Proliferation and apoptosis in a neuroblastoma cell line exposed to 900 MHz modulated radiofrequency field. 2015;91:30611. Microwaves are a form of electromagnetic. Int J Radiat Biol. [92] found that 900MHz microwave radiation emitted by mobile phones increased protein carbonyl levels in the brains of rats, suggesting that 900MHz microwave radiation can alter some biomolecules such as proteins. Effect of mobile radiation on health ppt . Microwaves are widely used in broadcasting, communications and many industrial fields. 2008;49:16370. Dasdag S, Balci K, Ayyildiz M, Celik M, Tekes S, Kaplan A. 2013;17:711. 2011;31:2293301. 2004;2004:19. Radiat Res. frequency range from 1GHz to 10^6 GHz. Mosconi L, Tsui WH, Rusinek H, De Santi S, Li Y, Wang GJ, et al. 2006;398:2537. Google Scholar. This is a Health Evidence Network (HEN) synthesis report assessing the clinical effects of daily exposure to mobile phones in general populations. 2004;25:4957. [85] found that protein levels were reduced in rat brains following microwave radiation, which may have been caused by the excessive consumption or a reduction of the synthesis of proteins, and reduced protein synthesis can be caused by the following processes: (1) excessive activation of RNA enzymes; (2) mRNA consumption or the formation and maturation of RNA enzymes. Many intricate electrical activities occur in the central nervous system, including learning and memory, which are therefore vulnerable to electromagnetic radiation. In a study investigating the influence of low-frequency microwave (450MHz) radiation on EEG, Hinrikus et al. Chronic nonmodulated microwave radiations in mice produce anxiety-like and depression-like behaviours and calcium- and NO-related biochemical changes in the brain. Reactive oxygen species act through p38 MAPK to limit the lifespan of hematopoietic stem cells. Koch C, Zador A. Since mobile phones are used in positions very close to the human body and require a large After exposure to microwave irradiation (an average power density of 30mW/m2 for 5min/d on five days a week for two consecutive months), the expression of NR2B was decreased in rats, the level of Glu was increased in the hippocampus and cerebrospinal fluid, spatial memory ability was decreased among rats with the TT genotype, and there was no change in the CC type and TC type animals. Arch Environ Health. 2003;80:177. radiation with wavelengths. Koivisto M, Krause CM, Revonsuo A, Laine M, Hmlinen H. The effects of electromagnetic field emitted by GSM phones on working memory. Microwave radiation can induce oxidative and nitrosative stress, which lead to hippocampal neuronal and non-neuronal apoptosis via the oxidative damage of cellular constituents (i.e., nucleic acids, proteins and lipids) and subsequent over expression of p53, which up-regulates Bax and down-regulates pro-caspase-3 and full-length/uncleaved poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) 1, eventually inducing neuronal degeneration via apoptosis [76]. Chin J Radiol Med Prot. In the treated rats, 50 calls were missed each day for 4weeks, and the spatial memory abilities of the rats were tested after the experimental period. Cancer Res. However, most studies have not supported the conclusion that cell phones cause brain tumors [8,9,10,11,12]. Ellis CE, Murphy EJ, Mitchell DC, Golovko MY, Scaglia F, Barcel-Coblijn GC, et al. 2014;9:e95503. daily life. It is widely accepted that protein synthesis occurs in neuronal dendrites and may be the cellular basis of learning and memory, during which local protein synthesis and synaptic plasticity are closely linked to the efficiency of communication between neurons. Kesari KK, Behari J. Fifty-gigahertz microwave exposure effect of radiations on rat brain. CAS PubMed 2012;112:1715. 2008;29:52738. Xu et al. Rev Environ Health. Microwaves Technology : Basics, Effetcs & Its Applications - ElProCus 2013;5:5500110. 1975;148:1723. Mikrobiolohichny zhurnal (Kiev, Ukraine: 1993) Serge Voychuk. In particular, somatization, obsessive compulsivity, paranoid ideation and psychoticism were reported [17]. Shahin S, Banerjee S, Singh SP, Chaturvedi CM. [102] exposed rats to 9.15MHz microwaves (SAR: 0.4mW/g) for 2h. They found that in the cerebellum of all the exposed animals, 11 genes were up-regulated from 1.34- to 2.74-fold, and one gene was down-regulated 0.48-fold. Acta Neurol Belg. Wang Q, Cao Z. Li HJ, Peng RY, Wang CZ, Qiao SM, Yong Z, Gao YB, et al. [104] found that exposure to a 1.9GHz pulse-modulated RF field for 4h at 0.1, 1.0, and 10W/kg did not affect gene expression in U87MG glioblastoma cells. Front Neurosci. [16] investigated workers who worked at a television transmitter station with a frequency ranging between 202 and 209MHz, 694701MHz, 750757MHz, or 774781MHz and at a medium-wave broadcasting station. Zhang Y, Li Z, Gao Y. Synapse. Preece A, Iwi G, Davies-Smith A, Wesnes K, Butler S, Lim E, et al. [68] radiated Wistar rats with microwaves (30mW/cm2; SAR value, 14.1W/kg), and then detected the expression of synaptic vesicle-associated proteins and found that synaptophys in I and VAMP-2, which are synaptic fusion proteins, and synaptic vesicle proteins were abnormally expressed to different degrees. Damage to learning abilities and reduction of glucose utilization in the limbic system of adult rats are closely linked [109]. Spatial memory and learning performance and its relationship to protein synthesis of Swiss albino mice exposed to 10 GHz microwaves. Ongwijitwat S, Wong-Riley MT. Annu Rev Physiol. Statistically significant changes were detected in the EEG- bands of six individuals and in the 1 and 2 bands of four subjects in the higher SAR group. They found that escape times were substantially decreased when the animals were trained while exposed to the phone. Smythe JW, Costall B. 2013;34:26474. By using this website, you agree to our The results indicated that radar microwave radiation leads to a decreased reaction time and lower short-term memory performance [18]. Merola et al. Microwaves are electromagnetic waves with frequencies ranging from 300MHz to 300GHz. 2011;35:36978. Article Merola P, Marino C, Lovisolo G, Pinto R, Laconi C, Negroni A. J Radiat Res (Tokyo). The central nervous system, especially the hippocampus, is highly sensitive to microwave radiation [43, 44]. Effects of 2.4 GHz radiofrequency radiation emitted from Wi-Fi equipment on microRNA expression in brain tissue. 2017;38:106976. However, there is little scientific evidence to demonstrate that children are more sensitive to electromagnetic radiation than adults [24, 25]. In the cell experiments, the T allele was significantly more vulnerable to microwaves than the C allele with regard to its transcription factor binding ability and the transcriptional activity and mRNA and protein expression of NR2B. Relationship between cognition function and hippocampus structure after long-term microwave exposure. Dasdag et al. PDF Possible effects of Electromagnetic Fields (EMF) on Human Health 2004;155:3743. 2006;27:11926. Calabr E, Condello S, Curr M, Ferlazzo N, Caccamo D, Magaz S, et al. An abnormal EEG is closely associated with damaged cognitive ability. The authors found that 2.4GHz microwave radiation reduced the expression of some miRNAs such as miR-106b-5p and miR-107 [98]. The relationship between NMDA receptors and microwave induced learning and memory impairment: a long term observation on Wistar rats. 1997;44:99104. Li Z, Peng RY, Wang SM, Wang LF, Gao YB, Ji D, et al. 2016;25:31827. Harris KM. 2002;64:31353. Article Biological Effects of Microwave Radiation - tandfonline.com [65] irradiated Wistar rats with 10, 30 and 50mW/cm2 microwaves, and the results showed that in the cerebral cortex, only glycine (Gly) and asparagine (Asp) levels were increased. Oto R, Akda Z, Dada S, Celik Y. Electromagn Biol Med. 2005;1042:1018. their effects on the human body are vastly different: - Non-ionizing Radiation Frequency range: 0.1 - 1013 Hz . Nimchinsky EA, Sabatini BL, Svoboda K. Structure and function of dendritic spines. Sanders AP, Joines WT. 2003;140:147. Exposure to microwaves and silencing p-synapsin I reduced the release of GABA, and maximum reduction was achieved when both were combined, indicating a synergistic effect. Biochemical modifications and neuronal damage in brain of young and adult rats after long-term exposure to mobile phone radiations. Caubet R, Pedarros-Caubet F, Chu M, Freye E, de Belem RM, Moreau J, et al. 2007;28:187380. The direct cause of the observed neuronal damage may have been apoptosis induced by the microwave radiation, and an indirect cause may have been an increase in permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which would allow the traversal of toxic substances that could cause damage. Starting with a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) site, Wang et al. 1 Microwave radiation may also lead to skin cancer/health problems when we are within the radius of a cell phone tower in a certain specified limited distance. However, it concurrently also declared that the carcinogenic potential of mobile communications equipment was limited to glioma [4]. In 2011, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) announced that microwave radiation has potentially carcinogenic effects (2B). Repeated Wi-Fi studies show that Wi-Fi causes oxidative stress, sperm/testicular damage, neuropsychiatric effects including EEG changes, apoptosis, cellular DNA damage, endocrine changes, and calcium overload. Schmid MR, Murbach M, Lustenberger C, Maire M, Kuster N, Achermann P, et al. Hippocampal acetylcholine release during memory testing in rats: augmentation by glucose. We should ensure that we avoid excessive exposure to microwave radiation in daily life activities and use mobile phones appropriately despite information about its positive effects. 2010;39:67594. 1984;5:6370. Mack A, Georg T, Kreis P, Eickholt BJ. Nakatani-Enomoto S, Furubayashi T, Ushiyama A, Groiss SJ, Ueshima K, Sokejima S, et al. Mitochondria morphologic changes and metabolic effects of rat hippocampus after microwave irradiation. These conclusions are presented in Table2. Richter et al. Int J Epidemiol. Effects of fetal microwave radiation exposure on offspring behavior in mice. Krylova I, Dukhanin A, Il'in A, Kuznetsova EY, Balaeva N, Shimanovskii N, et al. These spines have been reported to share a close relationship with learning and memory abilities, and when protein synthesis in dendritic spines is blocked, new spine growth and the development of long spines are both decreased [91]. In the CNS, glutamic acid binds and plays physiological roles with the following two receptors: ionotropic glutamate and metabolic glutamate. 2001;93:2037. Bioelectromagnetics. [14] found that gliomas are not preferentially located in the parts of the brain with the highest exposure. Oxidative stress refers to an imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants in vivo and is characterized by a biochemical state that tends toward oxidization, including the formation of oxygen free radicals (i.e., ROS) and nitrogen radicals reactive nitrogen species (RNS), which play major roles in oxidation. 2001;12:72931. After exposure, the levels of 2 waves in the hypothalamus increased more than those in the cortex, leading to a significant reduction in the deviation of the two EGGs. Thus, Cosquer et al. Am J Epidemiol. Investigation of Microwave Electromagnetic Fields in Open and Shielded In addition, another study showed that significant psychiatric symptoms were observed in people who worked in these areas. Google Scholar. J Neuro. In 57% of military devices, Polish soldiers work in occupational protection zones. 2014;90:2935. 1990;39:13543. Chin J Indus Hyg. 2014;12:75. Role of distinct NMDA receptor subtypes at central synapses. Terms and Conditions, Sareesh et al. 2002;57:2702. [20] divided the radar workers into three sets: control group (n=68), exposure group I (n=40, exposed to 812GHz) and exposure group II (n=58, working with radar at 12.518.0GHz). Synaptic plasticity is a special function of synapses, which play an important role in learning and memory processes [46], including structural and functional plasticity.
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