The revolutionaries pressured various state governments, particularly those in the Rhineland, for a parliamentary assembly that would have the responsibility to draft a constitution. This digital interactive notebook for World History & AP Euro . Since the 15th century, with few exceptions, the Empire's Prince-electors had chosen successive heads of the House of Habsburg from the Duchy of Austria to hold the title of Holy Roman Emperor. In concert with the newly formed Italy, Bismarck created a diplomatic environment in which Austria declared war on Prussia. The states ranged in size from the small and complex territories of the princely Hohenlohe family branches to sizable, well-defined territories such as the Electorate of Bavaria, the Margraviate of Brandenburg or the Kingdom of Bohemia. [79] Complicating the situation for Austria, the Italian mobilization on Austria's southern border required a diversion of forces away from battle with Prussia to fight the Third Italian War of Independence on a second front in Venetia and on the Adriatic sea. [18] Furthermore, implicit and sometimes explicit promises made during the German Campaign of 1813 engendered an expectation of popular sovereignty and widespread participation in the political process, promises that largely went unfulfilled once peace had been achieved. Officially, the chancellor functioned as a one-man cabinet and was responsible for the conduct of all state affairs; in practice, the State Secretaries (bureaucratic top officials in charge of such fields as finance, war, foreign affairs, etc.) Victoria and Albert Museum, Dept. [29], Formation of the Zollverein, an institution key to unifying the German states economically, helped to create a larger sense of economic unification. Napoleon's Continental System nearly ruined the Central European economy. [40] Karl Baedeker wrote guidebooks to different cities and regions of Central Europe, indicating places to stay, sites to visit, and giving a short history of castles, battlefields, famous buildings, and famous people. Moreover, it is a useful case study for the broader concept of "nationalism" as a historical agent. cjones004. As German states ceased to be a military crossroads, however, the roads improved; the length of hardsurfaced roads in Prussia increased from 3,800 kilometers (2,400mi) in 1816 to 16,600 kilometers (10,300mi) in 1852, helped in part by the invention of macadam. [64], Bismarck expressed the essence of Realpolitik in his subsequently famous "Blood and Iron" speech to the Budget Committee of the Prussian Chamber of Deputies on 30 September 1862, shortly after he became Minister President: "The great questions of the time will not be resolved by speeches and majority decisionsthat was the great mistake of 1848 and 1849but by iron and blood. France promised aid, but it came late and was insufficient. In October 1813, more than 500,000 combatants engaged in ferocious fighting over three days, making it the largest European land battle of the 19th century. . As Giuseppe Garibaldi wrote to German revolutionary Karl Blind on 10 April 1865, "The progress of humanity seems to have come to a halt, and you with your superior intelligence will know why. [57], Unification under these conditions raised a basic diplomatic problem. Which individual is associated with the phrase blood and iron as related to the unification of Germany? The Franco-Prussian War. Although it was 6 kilometers (3.7mi) long and only operated in daylight, it proved both profitable and popular. That Obama wanted Merkel to stay on during what he foresaw would be a chaotic period under Trump was not only due to her formidable skills - it was. [106], The new German Empire included 26 political entities: twenty-five constituent states (or Bundesstaaten) and one Imperial Territory (or Reichsland). This brief war (fought over the course of mere weeks) pitted Prussia and her allies against Austria and other German states. This hope would prove futile since the 1866 treaty came into effect and united all German states militarilyif not happilyto fight against France. For instance Italy was brought together when the Franco-Prussian war withdrew France from Rome. Prussian merchants, with the support of the Prussian crown, established the customs and trade union known as the Zollverein in 1834. The post-revolutionary European world became one of dramatic nation building that ultimately set the stage for 20th century nationalistic fervor, but before we can get nationalist passions riled up, we need to make some more nations. German Unification Before 1870 Economic success, political failure, and diplomatic tension marked the idea of a unified Germany in the period after the Napoleonic Wars. The Zollverein freed trade between most of the German states, with the exception of Austria. Bismarck had "cut his teeth" on German politics, and German politicians, in Frankfurt: a quintessential politician, Bismarck had built his power-base by absorbing and co-opting measures from throughout the political spectrum. The Congregations Law of 1875 abolished religious orders, ended state subsidies to the Catholic Church, and removed religious protections from the Prussian constitution. "The role of historical memory in (ethno)nation-building.". On 5 July, the Frankfurt Diet voted for an additional 10 articles, which reiterated existing rules on censorship, restricted political organizations, and limited other public activity. In response, Catholics organized themselves into the Catholic Center Party, which was in an advantageous position to earn concessions from liberals and conservatives (and eventually socialists) trying to build political coalitions. Om. [109] However, legislation required the consent of the Bundesrat, the federal council of deputies from the states, in and over which Prussia had a powerful influence; Prussia could appoint 17 of 58 delegates with only 14 votes needed for a veto. The Burschenschaft student organizations and popular demonstrations, such as those held at Wartburg Castle in October 1817, contributed to a growing sense of unity among German speakers of Central Europe. Unifying various states into one nation required more than some military victories, however much these might have boosted morale. Prussia thus exercised influence in both bodies, with executive power vested in the Prussian King as Kaiser, who appointed the federal chancellor. [94], Napoleon III had tried to secure territorial concessions from both sides before and after the Austro-Prussian War, but despite his role as mediator during the peace negotiations, he ended up with nothing. The Revolution of 1848 brought some liberal reforms to Prussia, such as the ability of the parliament to obstruct certain forms of taxation. This seemed to be the most logical course since Prussia was the strongest of the German states, as well as the largest in geographic size. At Hambach, the positions of the many speakers illustrated their disparate agendas. The numerable challenges to German unification meant that, as one prominent historian of Germany observed, the making of Germany was only slightly less difficult than the making of Germans. [76], In the Diet, the group of middle-sized states, known as Mittelstaaten (Bavaria, Wrttemberg, the grand duchies of Baden and Hesse, and the duchies of SaxonyWeimar, SaxonyMeiningen, SaxonyCoburg, and Nassau), supported complete demobilization within the Confederation. Russian Jews arrived in north German cities in the thousands; considerably less educated and less affluent, their often dismal poverty dismayed many of the Germanized Jews. Any story of German unification must include Otto von Bismarck (181598). AP Euro: Unification 6 HISTORY on leer en el cafe 6 Verified answer Recommended textbook solutions Deutsch Aktuell: Level 1 1st Edition ISBN: 9780821952054 Wolfgang Kraft 303 solutions Vorsprung: A Communicative Introduction to German Language and Culture 4th Edition ISBN: 9780357036983 (5 more) Douglas J. The Zollverein, the economic unity of the German states, inspired the idea of nationalism. This German dualism presented two solutions to the problem of unification: Kleindeutsche Lsung, the small Germany solution (Germany without Austria), or Grodeutsche Lsung, the greater Germany solution (Germany with Austria), ultimately settled in favor of the former solution in the Peace of Prague. They traced the roots of the German language, and drew its different lines of development together. The blockades on the Rhine had been removed by Napoleon's orders, but by the 1820s, steam engines freed riverboats from the cumbersome system of men and animals that towed them upstream. Over the ensuing thirty years (and more) other German states joined. This became known as the Punctation of Olmtz, but among Prussians it was known as the "Humiliation of Olmtz."[56]. [104] Although Bismarck had led the transformation of Germany from a loose confederation into a federal nation state, he had not done it alone. Celebrants gathered in the town below and marched to the ruins of Hambach Castle on the heights above the small town of Hambach, in the Palatinate province of Bavaria. In Deutschland, Deutschland ber Alles, officially called Das Lied der Deutschen ("The Song of the Germans"), Fallersleben called upon sovereigns throughout the German states to recognize the unifying characteristics of the German people. 0. The German Conquest of France in 18701871. This experience echoed the memory of mutual accomplishment in the Napoleonic Wars, particularly in the War of Liberation of 181314. The principal architects of this convention, Metternich, Castlereagh, and Tsar Alexander (with his foreign secretary Count Karl Nesselrode), had conceived of and organized a Europe balanced and guaranteed by four "great powers": Great Britain, France, Russia, and Austria, with each power having a geographic sphere of influence. The militaries of the larger states (such as the Kingdoms of Bavaria and Saxony) retained some autonomy, but they underwent major reforms to coordinate with Prussian military principles and came under federal government control in wartime. Will give brainliest and a will put up a free point questionthe following question refers to a hypothetical situation. He rejected liberal politics and constitutionalism in favor of unification "from above" through military force and diplomatic scheming. Many of the problems related to poverty (such as illness, overcrowded housing, unemployment, school absenteeism, refusal to learn German, etc.) [31], By the early 19th century, German roads had deteriorated to an appalling extent. . Finally, as Prussian military capacity far exceeded that of Austria, Prussia was clearly the only state within the Confederation (or among the German states generally) capable of protecting all of them from potential interference or aggression. a. the german reichstag forced otto von bismarck to resign as chancellor. Both impacting leaders, the Reformation's Martin Luther and the Qin Dynasty's Shi Huang Di make decisions that change the course of global history. The reality of defeat for Austria also caused a reevaluation of internal divisions, local autonomy, and liberalism. Rail travel changed how cities looked and how people traveled. Ap euro 21 - lecture notes; Ap euro 23 - lecture notes; Ap euro 24 - lecture notes; Ap euro 25 - lecture notes; Ap euro 26 - lecture notes; . One of the former Frankfurt Parliament members, Johann Gustav Droysen, summed up the problem: We cannot conceal the fact that the whole German question is a simple alternative between Prussia and Austria. [101] Under the subsequent Treaty of Frankfurt, France relinquished most of its traditionally German regions (Alsace and the German-speaking part of Lorraine); paid an indemnity, calculated (on the basis of population) as the precise equivalent of the indemnity that Napoleon Bonaparte imposed on Prussia in 1807;[102] and accepted German administration of Paris and most of northern France, with "German troops to be withdrawn stage by stage with each installment of the indemnity payment". No German state is permitted to distinguish between its citizens and other Germans. Historians have long debated Bismarck's role in the events leading up to the war. There are Kingdoms and Grand Duchies, and Duchies and Principalities, inhabited by Germans, and each [is] separately ruled by an independent sovereign with all the machinery of State. The post Cold War reunification of Germany in 1990 seemed such a natural consequence of the end of the Cold War and the collapse of Soviet power in Eastern Europe that it is easy to forget that Germany had a fairly brief life span as a unified nation-state. At a meeting in Biarritz in September 1865 with Napoleon III, Bismarck had let it be understood (or Napoleon had thought he understood) that France might annex parts of Belgium and Luxembourg in exchange for its neutrality in the war. Ten Minute History - German Unification and Empire (Short Documentary) History Matters 3.3M views 5 years ago The Roads to World War I: Crash Course European History #32 CrashCourse 870K. Nevertheless he always remained faithful to the ideal of a united continent for which the creation of individual nations would be an indispensable preliminary. The German Conquest of France in 18701871. Groups can be overlapped, e.g., Catholics can also be Polish, German, or French, etc. The Bavarian king, Ludwig II, who was one of the last German princes to agree to join the Prussian-dominated German Empire, provided the majority of the funds for its construction. Guy, Monika Chavez, Thomas A. Lovik The traditional view, promulgated in large part by late 19th- and early 20th-century pro-Prussian historians, maintains that Bismarck's intent was always German unification. A master strategist, Bismarck initiated decisive wars with Denmark, Austria and France to unite 39 independent German states under Prussian leadership. emphasized their distinctiveness for not only the Christian Germans, but for the local Jewish populations as well. Finally, Germany was not entirely German. 47 and Conclusion. The other states retained their own governments, but the military forces of the smaller states came under Prussian control. SEOUL, South Korea . 9 months ago. The Catholic Center Party remained particularly well entrenched in the Catholic strongholds of Bavaria and southern Baden, and in urban areas that held high populations of displaced rural workers seeking jobs in the heavy industry, and sought to protect the rights not only of Catholics, but other minorities, including the Poles, and the French minorities in the Alsatian lands. opaeeftakppooeiflei# 01848--1871: unification of Germany and final unification of Italy and introductionof 3rd republic in France. Diplomatic attempts to have the November Constitution repealed collapsed, and fighting began when Prussian and Austrian troops crossed the Eider river on 1 February 1864. They brought Austria and Hungary together into one empire. Ap euro 21 - lecture notes; Ap euro 23 - lecture notes; Ap euro 24 - lecture notes; Ap euro 25 - lecture notes; Ap euro 26 - lecture notes . Second, through diplomatic maneuvering, a skilful leader could create an environment in which a rival state would declare war first, thus forcing states allied with the "victim" of external aggression to come to the leader's aid. Today we'll look at how Italy and Germany pulled it together in the second half of the 1800s. Post-1945 historians, however, see more short-term opportunism and cynicism in Bismarck's manipulation of the circumstances to create a war, rather than a grand scheme to unify a nation-state. AP European History Mr. Trinkner Boulder High School DBQ: German Unification Question: Weigh the relative importance of German nationalism and Prussian political aspirations in the unification of Germany. web dbq the unification of germany and italy answer all questions on looseleaf will be graded as a test . Reaction to Danish and French nationalism provided foci for expressions of German unity. . Protestants, Catholics and Jews in Germany, 1800-1914. Every German has complete freedom of religion and conscience. the 2010 supreme court case, wagner v. tritch, involves the illegal distribution of copyrighted material to foreign consumers via the internet, which is a new area of law. [12], Problematically, the built-in Austrian dominance failed to take into account Prussia's 18th-century emergence in Imperial politics. Afrikaans; ; Asturianu; Azrbaycanca; Bn-lm-g; ; ; Bosanski; Catal; etina; Dansk; Deutsch; Eesti . These individual governments rejected the potent combination of enticing promises and subtle (or outright) threats Bismarck used to try to gain their support against the Habsburgs. Download The Marshall Cavendish Illustrated Encyclopedia of World War I - 11 PDF Napoleon established instead a German client state of France known as the Confederation of the Rhine which, inter alia, provided for the mediatization of over a hundred petty princes and counts and the absorption of their territories, as well as those of hundreds of imperial knights, by the Confederation's member-states. Germany before Unification The HRE was established among 300+ self-governing states, united by language. Their pressure resulted in a variety of elections, based on different voting qualifications, such as the Prussian three-class franchise, which granted to some electoral groupschiefly the wealthier, landed onesgreater representative power. Von Roon and William (who took an active interest in military structures) began reorganizing the Prussian army, while Moltke redesigned the strategic defense of Prussia by streamlining operational command. [53] Since the end of the 1990s, this view has become widely accepted, although some historians still find the Sonderweg analysis helpful in understanding the period of National Socialism. The four major reasons behind the unification of Germany are the role of Bismark, the strength of the Prussian economy, the decline of Austria, and the military power of Prussia. By 1835, Heinrich von Gagern wrote that roads were the "veins and arteries of the body politic" and predicted that they would promote freedom, independence and prosperity. High-performance computing with distributed processing units to build a platform based cloud solution for quantum chemistry calculations and upper layer use-case applications. [47], Scholars of German history have engaged in decades of debate over how the successes and failures of the Frankfurt Parliament contribute to the historiographical explanations of German nation building. Furthermore, elections were generally free of chicanery, engendering pride in the national parliament. This AP European History crash course on the Italian Unification will be a good asset for you on the new AP Euro exam. By 1870 three of the important lessons of the Austro-Prussian war had become apparent. [110], The Sonderweg hypothesis attributed Germany's difficult 20th century to the weak political, legal, and economic basis of the new empire. German and Italian unification was the fruit of the nationalism in 19th century. [6] The creation of student militias such as the Ltzow Free Corps exemplified this tendency. [41], The words of August Heinrich Hoffmann von Fallersleben expressed not only the linguistic unity of the German people but also their geographic unity. G.Wawro. History. [30] States more distant from the coast joined the Customs Union earlier. Wilhelm refused to give such an encompassing statement, and he sent Bismarck a dispatch by telegram describing the French demands. At the Congress of Vienna in 1815, Metternich and his conservative allies had reestablished the Spanish monarchy under King Ferdinand VII. Document Packet Document 1 Otto von Bismarck: Letter to Minister von Manteuffel, 1856 Because of the policy of Vienna [the Congress of Vienna, 1815], Germany is clearly too small for us both [Prussia and Austria]; as long as an honorable arrangement concerning the influence of each in Germany cannot be concluded and . Brunswick joined the Zollverein Customs Union in 1842, while Hanover and Oldenburg finally joined in 1854[32] After the Austro-Prussian war of 1866, Schleswig, Holstein and Lauenburg were annexed by Prussia and thus annexed also to the Customs Union, while the two Mecklenburg states and the city states of Hamburg and Bremen joined late because they were reliant on international trade. After a number of battles, notably Spicheren, Wrth, Mars la Tour, and Gravelotte, the Prussians defeated the main French armies and advanced on the primary city of Metz and the French capital of Paris. Kuhne, Thomas. b. prussia defeated france and gained control of the provinces of alsace and lorraine. Despite the nomenclature of Diet (Assembly or Parliament), this institution should in no way be construed as a broadly, or popularly, elected group of representatives. These skeptics saw the proposal as a ploy to enhance Prussian power rather than a progressive agenda of reform. Why did Wagner's cultural/mythical nationalism yield to Bismarck's policy of Realpolitik? Due in part to the shared experience, albeit under French dominance, various justifications emerged to identify "Germany" as a potential future single state. This was only temporary, however, and the Franco-Prussian War began in 1870. Although an arch-conservative, Bismarck. Western Civilization, since 1300. Industrialists and merchants thus brought liberal politics into German nationalism. (The power of initiating legislation rested with the chancellor.) [71] Regardless of motivation, by manipulating events of 1866 and 1870, Bismarck demonstrated the political and diplomatic skill that had caused Wilhelm to turn to him in 1862. Mann, Chapter 6, pp. The battle was a decisive victory for Prussia and forced the Habsburgs to end the war with the unfavorable Peace of Prague,[82] laying the groundwork for the Kleindeutschland (little Germany) solution, or "Germany without Austria.". Many modern historians describe this myth, without subscribing to it: for example. [95], The reorganization of the military by von Roon and the operational strategy of Moltke combined against France to great effect. The decrees were the subject of Johann Joseph von Grres's pamphlet Teutschland [archaic: Deutschland] und die Revolution (Germany and the Revolution) (1820), in which he concluded that it was both impossible and undesirable to repress the free utterance of public opinion by reactionary measures. Austria's Duel Monarchy- In 1867 the Germans tried a new method of unitifiction. Supporters of Grossdeutsch, or Greater Germany, insisted that Prussians and Austrians with a common language naturally should be part of one nation. Public opinion also opposed Prussian domination. Bismarck's policies, especially the buildup of the Prussian army, led to conflict with the liberal-dominated Lower House of the Prussian parliament, which resisted his proposals to pay for the increase in military expenditures with new taxes until Bismarck and the crown agreed to lasting constitutional reform. This new version of the course involves breadth of the knowledge you as students must possess on test day. All Germans are equal before the law. [97] "In the days after Sedan, Prussian envoys met with the French and demanded a large cash indemnity as well as the cession of Alsace and Lorraine. The rifle enabled a Prussian soldier to fire five shots while lying prone, while its muzzle-loading counterpart could only fire one shot and had to be reloaded while standing. Wagner personally oversaw the design and construction of the theater located in the small Bavarian village of Bayreuth, the Festspielhaus, which opened in 1870 and where the Ring Cycle operas were first performed. For the most part, these Polish-speaking Catholics did not assimilate into German culture, and Bismarck often dealt with the Poles in a brutal manner, eventually expelling large numbers of Poles and Polish Jews in 1885. [38], The Bavarian Ludwig Railway, which was the first passenger or freight rail line in the German lands, connected Nuremberg and Frth in 1835. For a summary of this argument, see David Blackbourn, and Geoff Eley. Topics Included: German Unification, Italian Unification, Russification, Agricultural Revolution, Industrial Revolution, Industrialization Inventions, The Luddites, Child Labor, Woman's Suffrage, Slavery abolition The following is apart of an entire World History Workbook series. The effects of the railway were immediate. Luther and Qin both lived in a society filled with disunity and corruption, hence why both decided to make a change. [74], The second episode in Bismarck's unification efforts occurred in 1866. Throughout the German states, city councils, liberal parliamentary members who favored a unified state, and chambers of commercewhich would see great benefits from unificationopposed any war between Prussia and Austria. First, the death without male heirs of Frederick VII of Denmark led to the Second War of Schleswig in 1864. Yet, as Germans discovered, grand speeches, flags, and enthusiastic crowds, a constitution, a political reorganization, and the provision of an imperial superstructure; and the revised Customs Union of 186768, still did not make a nation. "German History before Hitler: The Debate about the German Sonderweg. However, proponents of Kleindeutsch, Lesser Germany, argued that Austria should be excluded from unification due to dynastic rivalry between the Hohenzollerns and the Hapsburgs and the cultural differences between a mostly Protestant Prussia and Catholic Austria. Rural farmer. By establishing a Germany without Austria, the political and administrative unification in 1871 at least temporarily solved the problem of dualism. Many of their ideas and programs were later incorporated into Bismarck's social programs (e.g., social insurance, education programs, and wider definitions of suffrage). p.235. In 1848, nationalists sought to remedy that problem. AP Euro & World History Lecture: Italian & German Unification by Ye Olde History Shoppe 4.5 (2) $3.00 Google Slides This presentation includes checks for understanding and points of discussion: Everything you need to teach and review GERMAN & ITALIAN UNIFICATION with your AP European History or World History classes. [50], More recent scholarship has rejected this idea, claiming that Germany did not have an actual "distinctive path" any more than any other nation, a historiographic idea known as exceptionalism. Following the 1848 upheavals, Wagner penned his essay, "Art and Revolution," in which he argued that the task of the artist is to effect political change through artistic expression. A confederated realm of German princedoms, along with some adjacent lands, had been in existence for over a thousand years; dating to the Treaty of Verdun i.e. Following the defeat of the Austrian Empire in 1866, the German states allied with Prussia, with the notable exception of Catholic Bavaria, forming the North German Confederation. With the proclamation of Wilhelm as Kaiser, Prussia assumed the leadership of the new empire. Within three years, 141 kilometers (88mi) of track had been laid, by 1840, 462 kilometers (287mi), and by 1860, 11,157 kilometers (6,933mi).