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16 Jobs that pay more than the average (46,465). Isolated methods of analysis indicated winning teams missed less tackles in the Super Rugby competition [38]. 2012;30:120713 https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2012.703783. 383-401, 2012. It is these local interactions, or system components, governed by their simple local rules, that cause the system to evolve, forming new patterns of dynamics to emerge [51]. 2013;117:6587 https://doi.org/10.2466/30.25.PMS.117x17z6. Passos P, Milho J, Fonseca S, Borges J, Arajo D, Davids K. Interpersonal distance regulates functional grouping tendencies of agents in team sports. Hughes M, Hughes MD, Williams J, James N, Vuckovic G, Locke D. Performance indicators in rugby union. 22 Aug, 2022 All Sports. Successful rugby unions like New Zealand Rugby have started considering the balance between data and intuition. PubMed Central Performance indicators that discriminate winning and losing in the knockout stages of the 2011 Rugby World Cup. I was part of the University of Canterbury Premier Men's team that won the Division 1 Plate Final in 2022, and part of the FPC-winning . Across the articles investigating performance indicators, 29 variables differentiated between successful and unsuccessful match outcomes. Skip to Main Content Media & Tech Introducing PressBox Publishers and content creators Broadcasters Performance Analysis in Rugby Union: a Critical Systematic Review, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-019-0232-x, https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410701815170, https://doi.org/10.1080/026404102320675602, https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2011.635812, https://doi.org/10.1080/24748668.2012.11868616, https://doi.org/10.1080/24748668.2009.11868469, https://doi.org/10.1080/24748668.2004.11868293, https://doi.org/10.1080/24748668.2005.11868341, https://doi.org/10.1080/24748668.2006.11868353, https://doi.org/10.1080/24748668.2007.11868409, https://doi.org/10.1260/174795409790291420, https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2010.482595, https://doi.org/10.1080/24748668.2011.11868570, https://doi.org/10.1080/24748668.2011.11868565, https://doi.org/10.2466/30.25.PMS.117x17z6, https://doi.org/10.1260/1747-9541.8.3.481, https://doi.org/10.1080/0264041031000102006, https://doi.org/10.1080/24748668.2004.11868292, https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410410001730106, https://doi.org/10.1080/24748668.2006.11868378, https://doi.org/10.1080/24748668.2006.11868355, https://doi.org/10.1080/24748668.2009.11868492, https://doi.org/10.1080/24748668.2010.11868499, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2011.06.001, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.humov.2010.07.008, https://doi.org/10.23736/S0022-4707.18.08448-7, https://doi.org/10.1080/24748668.2013.11868638, https://doi.org/10.1080/24748668.2013.11868662, https://doi.org/10.1080/24748668.2013.11868667, https://doi.org/10.1260/1747-9541.9.3.525, https://doi.org/10.1080/24748668.2015.11868849, https://doi.org/10.1080/24748668.2017.1366759, https://doi.org/10.1080/24748668.2017.1376998, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2018.08.008, https://doi.org/10.1080/24748668.2019.1617018, https://doi.org/10.1080/24748668.2007.11868386, https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2012.746720, https://doi.org/10.1080/026404101750158312, https://doi.org/10.1080/24748668.2005.11868333, https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2013.807352, https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2014.915344, https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410802208986, https://doi.org/10.emerg/10.17357.ec0c50ba0baffa66291a8ec74c7f5dce, https://doi.org/10.1260/174795408784089432, https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2012.695082, https://doi.org/10.1177/105971230601400103, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11424-013-2285-0, https://doi.org/10.1080/15438627.2017.1393754, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0097145, https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2015.1022576, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-017-0836-6, https://doi.org/10.1080/026404102320675620, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-012-0001-1, https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2012.703783, https://doi.org/10.1080/24748668.2015.11868825, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11424-013-2291-2, https://doi.org/10.1080/24748668.2012.11868607, https://doi.org/10.1080/00222895.2011.552078, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Assessing the macroscopic order therefore suggests successful characteristics in collective behaviour patterns in attacking phases involve a fast ball delivery to a receiver within a close distance [26]. Challenges may arise given a lack of clarity (i.e. Behaviours are typically recorded through annotation software; however, advancements in video capture technologies are allowing player position information to be analysed with associated behaviours to provide a more meaningful understanding of game behaviours. There are some notable studies that have explored the performance processes in rugby union. Rodrigues M, Passos P. Patterns of interpersonal coordination in rugby union: analysis of collective behaviours in a match situation. However, it is important to consider that data were not explored in relation to opposition game style for each specific match. It is a practice-based programme to prepare you for a career in the Rugby and Sports Industry. The period from 2003 to 2007 was the most heavily investigated time interval, with 2003 representing the most popular year of analysis (Table 1). Most rugby aficionados will know that these are the team analysts but their knowledge of the role is likely to end there. 2011;11:52234 https://doi.org/10.1080/24748668.2011.11868570. Jones NMP, James N, Mellalieu SD. Res Sports Med. Passos P, Arajo D, Davids K, Milho J, Gouveia L. Power law distributions in pattern dynamics of attacker-defender dyads in the team sport of rugby union: phenomena in a region of self- organized criticality? J Sports Sci. Interestingly, only 29 were identified as related to successful performance. Ruck Frequency as a predictor of success in the 2007 Rugby World Cup Tournament. Behav Res Methods. 2009;9:12840 https://doi.org/10.1080/24748668.2009.11868469. 2004;4:7280 https://doi.org/10.1080/24748668.2004.11868293. Quality of studies was not assessed based on a recognised classification method as the nature of the research valued observational, tactical studies. Lim E, Lay B, Dawson B, Wallman K, Aanderson S. Development of a player impact ranking matrix in Super 14 rugby union. Variables related to attack were the most frequently assessed measures of performance, followed by those related to defence. J Sports Sci. Apex's unique software includes the ability to monitor player and team demands specific to Rugby. GENERAL RESPONSIBILITIES Senior Academy Variables were contextualised to field location, match outcome, period during match, numbers of players involved, match phase, team ranking and competition level. We are joined by Laura Seth (FA Performance Analysis Education Lead), Matthew Joseph (FA Youth Coach Developer), Lydia Bedford (England Women's U17 Head Coac. Coupling tendencies during exploratory behaviours of competing players in rugby union dyads. Tags: Performance Analysis, rugby analysis, software . The authors would like to acknowledge the Australian Rugby Foundation and Brumbies Rugby for their support during the study. Recently, researchers have used clustering approaches to identify important patterns in match data associated with certain game outcomes [35, 42]. The method of selection utilised by the investigators included the following: a collaboration with investigators and coaches and/or experts; those selected solely by the research group; those sourced from a third-party company; and those where the method of selection was not stated. Finally, the advancements in other team sports are discussed to illustrate the potential of a range of performance analysis methods that assess team properties and patterns that characterise their organisation. Possession kicked was positively related to performance in three separate studies [22, 25, 37] at the international and Super Rugby level of competition. 2009;9:35467 https://doi.org/10.1080/24748668.2009.11868492. Hum Mov Sci. Critical information may, therefore, be lost if performance-related variables are not contextualised and measured while considering these factors [44]. Duties of a sports analyst include providing pre-game, in-game, or post-game commentaries, making predictions or forecasts, assessing the performance of various athletes, and interviewing coaches, doctors, athletes, and other relevant parties. chad shepherd. Exploring collective system measures and assessing the coordination dynamics between players and teams in elite international level competition may provide valuable insights into team behaviours [68]. 2010;16:58093. One method identified that multiple game styles tended to result in success, such as a ball carrying, high-contact style of play. Read the official announcement Our partnership is founded on the belief in the power of data to drive outstanding performance - whether on the field or in financial markets. PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) flow diagram summarising the search results. Variables such as team centre, team dispersion, team interaction and coordination networks and sequential patterns have been explored to generate knowledge about team properties and the patterns that characterise their organisations [62]. Int J Perform Anal Sport 2014; 14: 188-207. Great Britain Wheelchair Rugby enhance video analysis with Nacsport - AnalysisPro SOLUTIONS PRODUCTS SECTORS RESOURCES SUPPORT More SOLUTIONS BROCHURE Something Isn't Working Refresh the page to try again. As Head of Performance at the Broncos, game-day data is at the fulcrum of everything that I do. Southern Hemisphere teams tend to exhibit higher overall ball-in-play periods resulting in more game actions and injuries due to greater game continuity [47]. I am an accomplished senior HR/OD professional with 20+ years of experience. Athletic Performance Medical Services Performance Analysis Rugby Management & Operations Academy Programme Fixtures & Results Fixtures & Results Fixtures Fixtures Add Fixtures To Your Calendar On Sale Dates Foundation Day 2023! Performance analysis in rugby union has become an integral part of the coaching process. J Sports Sci. Watson N, Durbach I, Hendricks S, Stewart T. On the validity of team performance indicators in rugby union. The use of physical tests to profile physical capabilities, and provide training direction to athletes is common practice. Small adjustments in players interpersonal distances and running line speed were considered useful tools to disturb the opponents coordination patterns. Google Scholar. van Rooyen KM, Diedrick E, Noakes DT. PubMed What performance analysts need to know about research trends in association football (20122016): a systematic review. Passos P, Arajo D, Davids K, Gouveia L, Serpa S. Interpersonal dynamics in sport: the role of artificial neural networks and 3-D analysis. Another study identified quick rucks within the first 20 min and within the 6070 min time interval had the largest positive effect on match outcome [30], whereas slow rucks had the largest negative effect on winning a match, regardless of the time interval. Ability to work and communicate as part of a team. Gaviglio MC, James N, Crewther TB, Kilduff PL, Cook JC. All studies had to meet every item on the criteria list to be included in the analysis. However, few studies to date have explored coaches' perspectives of performance analysts successful integration into the high-performance environment. However, isolated performance indicators do not consider the opposition, nor do they account for unpredictability and inherent match specificity. Wheeler KW, Askew CD, Sayers MG. Int J Perform Anal Sport. Performance analysis in international rugby union can be advanced by adopting these approaches in addition to methods currently adopted in other team sports. 7, No. I chose the University of Hull Rugby League team, there I filmed games and coded up the games using Sportscode Gamebreaker and made highlights from the games . Relationship between match statistics, game outcome and pre-match hormonal state in professional rugby union. Int J Perform Anal Sport. The sample sizes ranged from seven matches to 313 matches, with a mean number of 67 match observations (Table 1). Bartlett R, Button C, Robins M, Dutt-Mazumder A, Kennedy G. Analysing team coordination patterns from player movement trajectories in soccer: methodological considerations. Performance Analysis in Rugby Union: a Critical Systematic Review. J Sports Sci. Google Scholar. Davids K, Arajo D. Applications of dynamical systems theory to football. What separates top from bottom? In Les Cayes, a seafront town of some 90,000 people, rescuers in red hard hats and blue overalls pulled bodies from the tangled wreckage of one building, as a yellow mechanical excavator nearby . Psychol Sport Exerc. 2007;7:3548 https://doi.org/10.1080/24748668.2007.11868386. Passos P, Arajo D, Davids K. Self-organization processes in field-invasion team sports: implications for leadership. 14 Nov, 2022 Performance Technology Series - Team Identity . 2012;12:398424 https://doi.org/10.1080/24748668.2012.11868607. Rugby Australia is looking to recruit a Data Analyst who is passionate about sport, to join the High-Performance Analytics program in Sydney. Rugby Analysis. Cotta C, Mora AM, Merelo JJ, Merelo-Molina C. A network analysis of the 2010 FIFA world cup champion team play. 5, 6, 7 man; they may play off the top or maul). J Sports Sci. The aim of this study was to investigate coaches' philosophies surrounding performance analysis and . We are proud to be the official data analytics partner to leading Gallagher Premiership Rugby club, Harlequins. 2013;3:209 https://doi.org/10.4236/ape.2013.34034. The most recurrently investigated competition was the Super Rugby Championship with 2006 representing the most frequently investigated season. Performance Analysis is a specialised discipline that provides athletes and coaches with objective information that helps them understand performance. More than half of the articles investigated successful and unsuccessful measures of performance by quantifying performance indicators over entire competitions. This study aimed to develop a valid and reliable performance analysis template for quantifying team action variables in elite men's wheelchair basketball. Create reports to tell. 2008;3:12540 https://doi.org/10.1260/174795408784089432. 2015;33:123847 https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2015.1022576. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Head of Player Analysis at Rugby Academy Ireland. The review highlighted the issues associated with assessing isolated measures of performance, lacking contextual information such as the opposition, match location, period within match and field location. Vol. Emergence: Complexity and Organization. Croft H, Lamb P, Middlemas S. The application of self-organising maps to performance analysis data in rugby union. 2005;5:92106 https://doi.org/10.1080/24748668.2005.11868341. SPEAK WITH OUR TEAM 2009;8:5237. Int J Perform Anal Sport. 2007;7:4653 https://doi.org/10.1080/24748668.2007.11868409. Providing a detailed description of each performance indicator is essential to maintain transparency when measuring performance-related variables. The ~ 20% that considered the opposition included events such as ball carries (Table 1), tackles, rucks, scrums and performance indicators. Haddad JM, editor. Google Scholar. Percept Mot Skills. The primary objective of this review is to consider the current state of performance analysis research in professional rugby union and consider the utility of common methods of analysing performance and the applicability of these methods within professional coaching practice. Our contracting business units aregrowing in order to meet client demands, with recent wins in the North we are now looking to recruita Performance Analyst to support . In this approach, important characteristics of complexity are assessed by emergent patterns, due to the interactions between components in the system (i.e. Between 2004 and 2007, winning teams won more lineouts on the opposition's throw, scored more tries, had greater metres gained, kicks out of hand, line breaks and percentage tackles made in international, Super Rugby and professional domestic competitions [17, 22, 23]. Despite the number of studies published in the last two decades, only a few studies have begun to advance the field, while the majority of the studies reviewed involved a reductionist view of performance. 2013;26:413 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11424-013-2285-0. Articles were limited to journal articles where the full text was available. Mackenzie R, Cushion C. Performance analysis in football: a critical review and implications for future research. 2006;6:309 https://doi.org/10.1080/24748668.2006.11868353. Scoring profiles and defense performance analysis in Rugby Union. Vivup. "They not only need the technical component, but they need to have a specific personality - Marc certainly brings both. Hendricks S, Roode B, Matthews B, Lambert M. Defensive strategies in rugby union. Balague N, Torrents C, Hristovski R, Davids K, Arajo D. Overview of complex systems in sport. 2017;17:60921 https://doi.org/10.1080/24748668.2017.1376998. Although performance analysis research in rugby and data collection has progressed, the utility of the insights is not well understood. Studies were categorised based on the main focus and each study was reviewed by assessing a number of factors such as context, opposition analysis, competition and sample size. https://doi.org/10.1260/174795409790291420. Despite the majority of these articles including context in their analyses, very few accounted for multiple contextual variables, limiting insights into the process of game behaviours due to the player-opponent interaction and the effect of multiple confounding factors, such as field location, number of players involved and period within a match. Jones NMP, Mellalieu SD, James N. Team performance indicators as a function of winning and losing in rugby union. Article 2010;9:515. Carmen M. E. Colomer. Int J Perform Anal Sport. Afr J Phys Health Educ Recreat Dance. This suggests that players decisions and actions are governed not only by prior instruction provided by coaches, but by constraints in the player-environment interaction. 2006;6:5772 https://doi.org/10.1080/24748668.2006.11868355. Investigators have captured this context dependency through analysing the interpersonal distances between attacker-defender dyads and identifying periods of equilibrium when distances remain a specific distance apart [50]. Teams First Team Squad Bristol Bears Senior Academy Squad Management Bristol Bears Women Stuart Powell Ben Duffield Shaun Slater The Role: The Performance Analyst - Pathways will be responsible for providing analysis and technological support as well as driving innovation across the Pathways teams and programs. 2016;11:8597 https://doi.org/10.1177/1747954115624826. 2012;30:117582. Int J Perform Anal Sport. Team performance in rugby has . Perceiving affordances in rugby union. 2008;26:691700 https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410701815170. Furthermore, the analysis of these performance indicators has primarily only focused on discrete, descriptive and comparative statistics. Eur J Sport Sci. The study suggests to analyse an individuals performance against common key performance indicators and use that individual's performance profile to run intra-position comparisons (Hughes et al, 2012). Performance analysis in team sports allows coaches to objectively assess the performance of the team while identifying their oppositions strengths and weaknesses, and opportunities to exploit these in competition. Google Scholar. Sherwood S, Masters RS, Smith TB. 2005;5:111 https://doi.org/10.1080/24748668.2005.11868333. This approach has additionally been used to identify the interaction between the intrinsic dynamics and the external constraints within critical match events [27]. Over the next 5 years, my aim is to move away from coaching in youth football, and gain a full-time coaching position in senior football.<br><br>I am also . These methods have been applied to develop a deeper understanding into collective system measures providing valuable insights into sports such as football and basketball. As a result, game actions have increased due to the added pressure on attacking teams to expedite the speed of play [36]. Performance indicators that discriminate winning and losing in elite mens and womens Rugby Union. Titles were screened by two members of the research team for inclusion/exclusion criteria. Privacy Folgado H, Gonalves B, Sampaio J. Positional synchronization affects physical and physiological responses to preseason in professional football (soccer). Furthermore, of the 22 articles, only 16 were explicit about the process of selecting the indicators used. This study demonstrated that the period of the match and the distance of the contact event in relation to the previous phase are key variables that predict the likelihood of a successful phase outcome. Olds T. The evolution of physique in male rugby union players in the twentieth century. Rugby. An objective method for depicting team performance in elite professional rugby union. This method has been found to successfully identify self-organising, emergent patterns from slight changes in interactions between players [56]. Negative outcomes were more likely when teams conceded penalties while the opposition was in possession. 2012;7:383401 https://doi.org/10.23736/S0022-4707.18.08448-7. Sports such as football, basketball and AFL have adopted dynamical system approaches in their analysis of tactical performance; however, there is limited understanding of the value of such approaches in a gain line team sport, such as rugby union, where teams in possession of the ball aim to gain ground relative to the initial starting position, referenced by a projected line that runs parallel to the try line known as the gain line. 2014;14:S817 https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2011.635812. In fact, 22 of the 41 studies retrieved focused on descriptive and comparative statistics and often lacked context. Relative predictors of success included an effective kicking game, ball carrying abilities and not conceding penalties when the opposition are in possession. Five studies considered rugby union as a dynamical system; however, these studies were limited in analysing lower or national-level competitions. Passos P, Arajo D, Davids K, Gouveia L, Milho J, Serpa S. Information-governing dynamics of attackerdefender interactions in youth rugby union. Studies utilising performance indicators were additionally assessed to establish the genesis of performance indicators and inclusion of operational definitions. When interpersonal distance decreases, these systems evolve from a state of balance to critical performance moments, as the contextual dependency rules governing performance require constant co-adaptations of each player to their opponent [50, 51]. J Sports Sci Med. https://doi.org/. Studies were assessed based on a number of elements such as context, opposition analysis, competition and number of events analysed. Social network theories have also been used to develop a deeper understanding of the passing interactions between team members that demonstrate the local interactions within the wider system [66, 67]. When articles were grouped into year of data collection and analysis, ~ 50% of the articles analysed data from games played between 2000 and 2008 (Fig. Of the 22 articles that contextualised their measures of performance, only five accounted for multiple contextual variables. By using this website, you agree to our The successful candidate will be instrumental in driving a data-informed culture throughout the high-performance teams at Rugby Australia. Following this epoch, between 2007 and 2013, winning teams conceded more penalties between 50 m and opposition 22 m, and had more total kicks, including kicks out of hand, than losing teams. Distribution of articles by years of publication and years of analysis. Six Predictions for the 2023 Six Nations. Int J Perform Anal Sport. Performance indicators investigated were inconsistent across the studies, making it difficult to compare and assess the relevance and impact of key attacking and defensive variables. J Sports Sci. CMEC and BGS andDBP designed the research question and drafted the first manuscript. 2006;14:7395 https://doi.org/10.1177/105971230601400103. "Marc understands what makes players tick and adapts his work to support players learning styles. J Sports Sci. In contrast, losing teams lost more scrums and lineouts. Passos P, Arajo D, Davids K, Shuttleworth R. Manipulating constraints to train decision making in rugby union. Using positional-derived metrics (such as x- and y-coordinates), the synchronisation of players movements were analysed, revealing positive outcomes associated with time spent synchronised with players from the same team [61]. Within and between team interactions have been measured in other sports including football and basketball. To gain Powerful Insights Easily customise your own key performance indicators to measure towards your game plan and coaching strategy. Davids K, Button C, Arajo D, Renshaw I, Hristovski R. Movement models from sports provide representative task constraints for studying adaptive behavior in human movement systems. J Mot Behav. Perspect Cogn Action Sport. Mot Learn Pract Constraints-Led Approach. Google Scholar. The future for Rugby Australia is bright, and this is your opportunity to join the team. J Sports Sci Med. Their performance analysis department now operates in a highly dynamic technological environment where it provides its teams the ability to quickly analyse data for performance insights. A small number of studies have started to progress the field of performance analysis in rugby union [26, 27, 32, 35, 42]. Munster Rugby are now inviting applications for the position of Greencore Munster Rugby Academy Performance Analyst. The effects of congested fixtures period on tactical and physical performance in elite football. gm of rugby . South African J Res Sport Phys Educ Recreat. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0097145, Article 2004;4:6171 https://doi.org/10.1080/24748668.2004.11868292. Int J Perform Anal Sport. The initial search revealed 110 papers. 2013;8:48192 https://doi.org/10.1260/1747-9541.8.3.481. Rugby Union Performance Analysis is key to improving the overall performance of a team and increasing consistency of skills executed in matches. California Privacy Statement, In regional-level competitions, such as Super Rugby in the Southern Hemisphere, 25 variables were identified as successful indicators of performance including a greater number of metres gained, kicks out of hand, line breaks and percentage tackles made compared to losing teams. Multiple studies have considered rugby union performance using a dynamical systems approach to analyse game characteristics [27, 32, 49,50,51,52,53,54,55]; however, to the authors knowledge, only three studies have used this approach in professional, male adult rugby union contexts [26, 27, 32]. Yuma Regional Medical Center. Defending teams were more likely to turnover possession using an early counter ruck strategy in the wide attacking channels. This course will provide you with the knowledge and skills to develop a performance analysis process into your coaching. The type of pass that emerged was significantly correlated (p<0.001) with the variables available in the interaction between players and the environment, suggesting that intrateam coordination is necessary for crossing the gain line as well as effective passing in rugby union. The authors would like to recognize the Australian Rugby Foundation and Brumbies Rugby for their funding during the study. 2). Therefore, the method utilised to select variables related to performance was also considered important. leon macdonald. 2012;12:51730 https://doi.org/10.1080/24748668.2012.11868616. . For example, the direction and scope of the research in rugby union has primarily explored a single or a combination of action variables (performance indicators) deemed relevant to successful outcomes such as possession and tackle success [2]. 2013;26:2142 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11424-013-2291-2. The limited number of studies adopting an alternate view of performance has assessed rugby union performance through a dynamical systems approach by observing emergent patterns. Associate Performance Analyst at Wests Tigers Rugby League Football Pty Ltd Nottingham Trent . steven bates. carmen.m.colomer@gmail.com. There has been an exponential growth in performance analysis research over the last two decades, largely a consequence of the advancement and availability of computer and video technology. Joe Walsh has been working as a rugby coach and performance analyst since 2015. iSportsAnalysis Rugby Video Analysis tools make it easy to code, analyse and share your performance insights. Only seven articles provided full operational definitions, while the remaining 15 provided no definitions for the variables investigated (Table 3). The introduction of performance analysis (PA) in rugby union presented coaches with a range of tools to support and enhance their coaching practices. A retrospective analysis of the IRB statistics and video analysis of match play to explain the performance of four teams in the 2003 Rugby World Cup. Williams J, Hughes M, ODonoghue P. The effect of rule changes on match and ball in play time in rugby union. Sports Medicine - Open Frencken W, de Poel H, Visscher C, Lemmink K. Variability of inter-team distances associated with match events in elite-standard soccer. Correia V, Arajo D, Davids K, Fernandes O, Fonseca S. Territorial gain dynamics regulates success in attacking sub-phases of team sports.